How to master paragraph writing? Writing a perfect paragraph on any topic.

 Unit-2 English Book

Freewriting ( Writing Section )

What is paragraph writing?

Paragraph Writing

A paragraph can be defined as a piece of writing in which one's thought as the central idea or controlling idea is developed using supporting details which can be examples, reasons, comparative sentences, or other related facts. Every good paragraph should have a controlling idea, to which sentences are related. 

A paragraph is regarded as a good one only if the readers can completely understand the unit of information it contains, and if its central or controlling idea is completely developed using appropriate supporting ideas.

While producing paragraphs for our purpose, we have to arrange the sentences clarifying the idea so that we can meet our aim of expressing our thoughts. Coherently organized sentences overtly clarify the central idea of the paragraph. The sentences that do not relate to the central idea must not be included in the paragraph.

What are the types of paragraphs?

Classification of Paragraphs

Paragraphs are simply categorized as descriptive, narrative, reflective, and expository or argumentative. The classification depends on the nature of the topics and the purpose of writing. They are discussed as below:

1. Descriptive Paragraph

A descriptive paragraph describes places, objects/things such as countries, rivers, towns, buildings, and so on and so forth. A descriptive paragraph is an accurate account of the subject matter which imparts factual information. For example:

Portsmouth is an industrial city on the southern coast of England Although the largest proportion of the working population is employed in the naval dockyards, there are many other industries in the area. For example, there are clothing factories, manufactures of electrical components, light machine industries, and chemical industries. The naval dockyards have been in existence for five centuries, but most of the other industries have been established during the past fifteen years (Chaplen, 1976).

The above paragraph is a simple and clear description of an industrial city in England. The paragraph explains the changes taking place during the past fifteen years and why they have taken place as well.

2. Narrative Paragraph

A narrative paragraph describes the historical events, stories biographies, and so on. The writer of the paragraph narrates the subject matter. It is, to some extent, reflective, too. 

For example:

Only last year I witnessed what might have been a fatal accident. I was out for a stroll on the Mall At the crossroads near the General Post Office, I saw a car coming down, which swept round the corner of the road and crashed into another coming up. Happily, no one was killed but several people sustained injuries. The driver was knocked senseless. The two cars have completely wrecked The policeman on point duty had raised his hand to stop one of those cars But coming as it was at the speed of about eighty miles an hour the driver could not apply brakes in time (Dave et al. 1988)

The aforementioned paragraph narrates a motorcar accident that was witnessed by the author of the paragraph.

3. Reflective Paragraph

A reflective paragraph consists of reflections upon some topics, which are generally of an abstract nature; such as habits, politics, discipline, and so on. Reflective paragraphs include the experience of the writer on a particular topic. For example.

Perseverance is the very hinge of all virtues. We fail in our undertakings in the world not because we lack talents, but because we have no strength of will and tenacity of spirit to carry out schemes We sometimes waste our force on imaginary difficulties. Difficulties that melt into the nothingness of a dream before dogged perseverance. It has been well said "Patience and perseverance will overcome mountains The smallest brook on the earth, by continuing to run, has hollowed out for itself a considerable valley to flow in Let, therefore, extol the virtue of perseverance Without it all the rest are little better than fancy-gold which glitters in your purse, but when taken to market proves to be slate or cinders (Dave et al., 1988).

The paragraphs as such reflect the opinion of the writer upon some topics.

4. Argumentative/Expository Paragraph

Argumentative or expository paragraphs explain the saying or exposition. The writer of the paragraphs should try to give his/her thought to the readers to establish the truth of the saying. The writer tries to make readers believe his saying. The sayings or quotations are suitable topics for these types of paragraphs. For example:

Ruskin called books Kings Treasuries Books are indeed the richest possession of mankind The world would be barren without books Life would love half of its charm if books were banished from the world. Books are the friends of the friendless. Perhaps no other thing has such power to lift the poor out of his poverty, the wretched out of his misery to make the burden-bearer forget his burden, the sick his suffering, the sorrower his grief, the down-trodden his degradation as books. They are friends to the lonely, companions to the deserted, joy to the joyless, good cheer to the disheartened, a helper to the helpless, and a consoler to the afflicted. They bring light into darkness and sunshine into shadow (Dave et al, 1988)

The paragraph above exposits or argues why and to what extent books are friends of everyone. In this kind of writing, the writer tries to clarify his opinion by mentioning his arguments.

Some Features of a Good Paragraph

How to write a perfect paragraph? 

1. Unity

The connectedness of the supporting details with the central idea is called unity. A paragraph is a piece of writing in which a central or controlling idea is developed using supporting details. Every sentence in the paragraph must be closely connected with the topic of the paragraph The central idea should be fully developed, and should not be left half-developed. All the supporting details should directly be related to the central idea. Unnecessary details should not be introduced in the paragraph. A paragraph is said to be badly constructed if it lacks unity.

 2. Placement of a Topic Sentence

The sentence having the main idea of a paragraph is called the topic sentence. The terms main idea, central idea, and controlling idea are synonymously used. The topic sentence can be written as below: 

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1. The Topic Sentence at the Beginning

The topic sentence written at the beginning of the paragraph is clarified using supporting details. It is regarded as the most usual system of writing a paragraph. There are certainly some advantages in placing the topic sentence or pilot sentence at the beginning of the paragraph. The writer will case himself to plan the paragraph properly. On the other hand, the reader will be facilitated to grasp the information imparted by the paragraph For example:

Geographers have found that there are some important differences between the northern and southern polar regions of the earth The Arctic region, in the north, is mostly sea, surrounded by masses of land The south pole, on the other hand, is situated in a landmass surrounded by the oceans, in fact, Antarctica is regarded as a continent by itself. Both the regions have a very cold climate, but the winter in the Arctic is not so severe or so long as that in the Antarctic. Antarctica is snowbound almost throughout the year, the snow in the Arctic melts in summer. There is some vegetation in the Arctic, but Antarctica is a desert with virtually no plant or animal life (Narayanaswami, 2000)

2. The Topic Sentence in Middle

The topic sentence also appears in the middle of the paragraph with the supporting details after and before it. In such a paragraph, the reader will have to face the problem of getting the central idea of the paragraph. For example:

When the motorcar was first introduced it was a clumsy ty machine that labored along the street at a pace no farter than that of a trotting horse People looked at it with suspicion and fear. Since then the motor car has come a long way and is today a combination of beauty, luxury, and efficiency The modern automobile, sleek and streamlined with its brilliant hues, is an aesthetically appealing object, almost a work of art. You can travel in it in absolute comfort at an incredible speed and yet feel no fatigue at the end of the day's journey The engine is a masterpiece of mechanical ingenuity, and seldom lets you down if you maintain it in good condition (Narayanswami, 2000).

3. The Topic Sentence at the End

The topic sentence can also be placed at the end of the paragraph Facts related or the supporting details are presented one after another leading to a summing up in the topic sentence at the end. While writing such a paragraph, the last sentence is presented, to sum up, the central idea of the whole writing. For example

Recently there were reports in the newspapers on violent incidents in Bangladesh during a football match The fans supporting the two teams clashed openly in the streets, and stones and acid bombs were hurled at the spectators and at the police who were trying to control the crowds In Latin American countries, too, passions run high during football matches, and large-scale violence erupts during the matches English football fans have indulged in violence during the European Cup matches Such incidents lead us to conclude that our belief in supports as a means of establishing friendship among nations is misplaced (Narayanaswami, 2000)

1.2.3 Coherence

The logical sense relation between lexical items in a text is simply referred to as coherence. The thought in a paragraph should be connected and developed in a logical order to maintain coherence. The paragraph should be so constructed that one sentence leads on naturally to the next, and there should be a regular logical progression of thought. The material of a paragraph can be ordered in many ways, but the appropriate methods can be noted as chronological order, spatial order, logical order, climax, comparison and contrast, and so on.

1.2.4 Cohesion

It refers to the intra-textual relation of the grammatical and lexical kind that makes the parts of the text together as a whole to convey the complete meaning of it.

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Some Examples of Paragraphs

Some Guided Paragraphs

Here, the paragraphs given along with basic points are called guided paragraphs. Some guided paragraphs are given below:

A. An Accident I Witnessed

Last week, I witnessed a fearful accident while I was going to Pokhara to meet my relatives Early in the morning. I started my journey from Kathmandu. My bus left on time. Every seat of the bus was occupied. While we were traveling, it was raining heavily. As we reached Naubise, our bus driver accidentally jammed on the brakes to stop. I watched through the window and saw that there was a long queue of vehicles. As we got off the bus, we were informed that two vehicles collided with each other. As I heard it, I was extremely excited to know what really happened. I rushed to the spot where the accident happened 1 knew that the bus was going to Pokhara carrying 54 passengers. It met with the accident at 6 a.m. some unharmed passengers told me. Both of the vehicles were badly damaged as they fell 70 feet below the road. Unfortunately, nine of the bus passengers and the driver of the truck died on the spot. Fifteen of them were badly injured. They were immediately taken to hospitals Fortunately, the rest of the passengers were unharmed We saw that there was a pool of blood which made my eyes water. We were blocked there for an hour and moved ahead to our destination safely.

2. My Aim in Life

Education functions as the most important factor in the upliftment of the society, country, and the whole human civilization as well Public awareness can be fostered through education. To provide education to the people, I want to be a teacher in my life. After I pass graduation, I want to go to a remote place being a secondary level teacher. I will try to teach most of the children about the place. If I find any children not going to school, I will try to find the prime causes of this situation. I will try to convince their parents to send them to school. Furthermore, I will run many adult literacy classes for illiterate adults. I hope they will be co-operative with me. I will try to uplift their consciousness. I do hope that they will be literate and conscious after some years. If they are conscious, they can understand what is right and what is wrong. I will try to provide them health education, too because I have seen illiterate people are very careless about their health I will try to convince them not to follow bad and dead traditions because they are the hindrances that stop the human civilization from getting uplifted Because of the aforementioned reasons, I want to be a teacher in my life in the days to come.

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Essay on ' My Ambition of Being a Doctor' , 'My Hobbies' , ' My Journey by Plane' and ' My Journey by Bus'

  My Ambition of Being a Doctor

My ambition in life is to be a medical doctor. Ambition in life is the destination to reach. Everybody has an aim in life. Somebody wants to be a businessman or a teacher or an engineer. Somebody wants to be a social worker or a political leader. I hope I can meet my ambition if I work sincerely and steadily because my teachers have told me that I am a talented student. I do believe in my teachers' words.

I will feel free after my SEE exam. I am thinking of having entertainment and refreshment for a few days after my SEE because I may feel tired and bored. I have not visited some famous places in our country yet I am planning to visit Pokhara and Gorkha. I will spend a few days there. After my visit, I will learn computers for a couple of months. I am thinking of studying science. I will prepare for the entrance test.

After the SEE result is published, I will try to find out one of the best higher secondary schools to get admitted to. I hope I will be able to do it. I will study Science. After two years, I will complete higher secondary education securing good marks. Then I will study medicine. I want to be a medical doctor. I will join a medical college. After some years, I will be a doctor.

After I pass MBBS, I will go to a remote area to serve the people. 1 has known that many people die of diseases in remote areas due to a lack of proper treatment every year. I will try to serve them mainly in two ways: promoting health awareness and curing unhealthy people. I feel that health education functions more significantly than treatment. Therefore I will try to educate the people by running health awareness programs. I am thinking that I will request school and college teachers to manage some classes for me. I hope they will provide me. I will tell the students to share their knowledge and skills with their parents. Furthermore, I will try to educate some health representatives. They will visit individual houses and try to educate the people to be healthy. I am planning to serve the people for ten years. After then I will come back to my native place to work as a doctor.

My ambition of being a doctor is not to earn money but to serve the people. I serve the people and the motherland honestly. I am strongly willing to gain popularity, prestige, and love from the people. I want to be an ideal doctor. It is my ambition in life.

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 My Hobbies

Hobbies provide us with pleasure. We have different means of entertainment. A hobby is one of the ways of entertaining doing something repeatedly. We can utilize our spare time doing something as our hobbies. Hobbies make people feel entertained. Hobbies are for only pleasure, but not for financial support. They definitely enrich our mental and physical health.

Different individuals enjoy different hobbies. Some of the common hobbies are taking photographs, collecting stamps, gardening, collecting coins, painting, and drawing, etc. Some people seem to be fond of visiting places or playing indoor games. Some people enjoy their spare time writing poems, songs, reading novels and stories, etc. Everybody enjoys his spare time according to his interest.

There are some of the advantages of hobbies. We can properly utilize our spare time and do not feel bored. Hobbies are one of the easiest and cheapest ways of having pleasure. We do not need more money to fulfill our needs related to hobbies. The people who have hobbies cannot be lazy because if they have spare time, they start enjoying hobbies. We can have both mental and physical exercises. If we read novels, stories, poems, etc. we can have mental exercises. My hobbies of gardening, visiting places, cycling. etc. contribute to physical exercises. We can enrich our knowledge by means of our hobbies. For example, the hobbies of reading various types of materials, writing different articles, collecting stamps, visiting places, etc. are knowledge for all the people.

I am fond of visiting places and taking photographs. By visiting places and things, we can have pleasure and knowledge. We can enjoy the photographs in our leisure time. The photographs of natural scenes and scenery are really entertaining for me. I have many photographs of mountains, rivers, lakes, waterfalls, forests, caves, grasslands, animals, birds, etc. Similarly, I have a good collection of arts and handicrafts I have watched many programs, folk dances, historical events and have taken photographs of them.

I am well-satisfied with the collection of photographs. I am thinking of managing an exhibition of photographs. It will be advantageous for all the visitors, I do expect.

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 My First Journey by Plane

Traveling by plane is entertaining for me, but on my first journey by plane, I felt slightly afraid and excited. We want to visit the places to get pleasure, information, and knowledge. In order to visit them, we have to travel long distances, too. If we plan to visit places far from our native place, we can travel by plane,

Last year, I had an opportunity to travel by plane. I had to go to Biratnagar from Kathmandu. It was the rainy season. The road to the eastern part of Nepal was blocked by landslides in many places for some days. Therefore, my father bought a plane ticket for me. On the day of my departure to Biratnagar, I went to the airport with my father. there only to see me off. While we were waiting for our plane, it was informed that our plane was ready. Then, we were informed to go to the plane, the door of which was open.

The passengers were standing in a queue. After a few minutes, I entered the plane and took a seat. I felt both fear and excitement. Everybody was informed to fasten safety belts but I didn't know how to do it. As the door got closed, the plane started to run along the runway. I felt afraid. I closed my eyes and prayed Almighty. After a few minutes, I opened my eyes. I realized the plane was flying in the sky. I could see small houses, forests, streets, roads, streams, rivers, etc. from the plane. Gradually my fear started to fade away. I noticed that all the passengers were entertained by watching nature through the windows. Then, I felt there was no cause to fear. But after a few minutes, our plane started making strange sounds. Therefore, I felt afraid and looked at other passengers and the air hostesses. They were sitting comfortably. They did not seem to have been scared. And I realized that it was not any problem. At the same time, I happened to watch the scene of the mountains through the window. How beautiful they were! All of them were very bright. Those snow-capped mountain peaks made me forget myself, too. It means that I was spellbound by the beauty of those mountain peaks.

After half an hour, our plane was over the Terai. I could see paddy fields easily. Unfortunately, the weather became bad. The plane started bumping. I was about to fall off my seat because I had not fastened the safety belt. Then, my neighbor helped me to fasten it. After a few minutes, the weather became clear. As we were about to reach Biratnagar, I could see the town and the airport. I felt that our plane was descending regularly. When it landed, I got off the plane quickly My uncle Rajesh was waiting for me at the airport. We hired a taxi and went to my uncle's house.

Nowadays, I am fond of traveling by plane. It is comfortable, easy, fast, and entertaining. I also feel that it is the most dangerous means of transport we have. My first journey by plane is a memorable experience in my life.

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My Journey by Bus

Last year, I planned to spend our winter vacation with my brother. I bought the bus tickets to travel from Dharan to Hile. Dharan is a beautiful market in Sunsari and Hile is a very attractive and newly developing market in Dhankuta. As I prepared everything, I along with my brother, went to the bus stop on time.

When we arrived at the bus stop, we saw that it was overcrowded. We searched for our bus. There was a long queue of passengers. We stood in the same queue. After a few minutes, we got on the bus but it was already packed. We could not see any vacant seats We got off it and requested the conductor of the bus to manage two seats. He replied he could not. Then, we returned our tickets and looked for another bus. Fortunately, we got an empty bus and hurriedly got on it. Most of the seats were vacant. We chose two front seats and sat comfortably.

After a few minutes, all the seats were occupied and gradually the bus got overcrowded. The bus left on time at 6:00 a.m. While we were talking and enjoying the scene outside through the windows, an old woman called me by my first name. As I looked at her, I knew that she was my neighbor. She was standing with great difficulty. I was in dilemma about what was to be done. If I told her to take my seat, I had to keep myself standing for the whole journey. I was morally and spiritually compelled to provide her the seat and I kept standing near it. While the bus was moving along many bends. of the road, I felt great difficulty balancing my body.

When the bus arrived at Vedetar at the peak of the hill, we got off it for breakfast. We enjoyed watching beautiful Dharan from there. Most of the passengers had tea and snacks; and so did we. I felt extremely cold because it is a very cold place although it is an hour bus ride from Dharan. I got on the bus and wore my warm jacket. I like the place very much because it is really attractive. It is rich in natural beauty. We also took some photographs there. My brother bought some oranges but they were very cold to have. After half an hour, we again started our journey.

When we reached Hile, we got off the bus. I felt extremely tired as I had not got any seat on the bus. Hile is at the top of the hill. It is a beautiful market. It also attracts many tourists every year. After we got off the bus, we went to a hotel and had bread and curry. Then, we started trekking to my native village.

I think that my journey taught me a lesson. The bus service is not well planned. The department concerned should plan it properly. It is really difficult for children and old passengers to travel. Weak passengers cannot get seats. The bus staff does not care about the passengers. There is not seat reservation system. It is not fair for the passengers.

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Essay on My Country Nepal, My pleasant Dream and My Childhood Days

My Country Nepal 

Nepal is an agro-based country. Sixty-Five percentage of people completely depend on agriculture in Nepal. Some of the educated people are employed in other sectors such as teaching, office work, business, etc. Although the people belong to various social groups and religions, they really practice "unity in diversity". The followers of one religion respect the people who belong to another religion. The feeling and practice of fraternity foster the rapport between the people. People speak different languages and enjoy different modes of culture, traditions, and festivals.

Nepal is famous for Angelic natural beauty, unique wonders, and gifts in the world. Although she is landlocked, people from foreign countries are fond of visiting her. She is famous for mountains, rivers, lakes, etc. The highest mountain peak in the world Mt. Everest fascinates many tourists every year. Through tourism, she can earn foreign currency which can be used on development projects. Nepal is rich in natural resources. Many rivers flow from high mountains te=wisting and turning round the hills and move through terai. Many brooks and streams serve the people in many ways. They are advantageous for irrigation, transportation, rafting, running hydroelectricity projects, and so on and so forth.

It is said that ' Hario Ban Nepal ko Dhan'. In fact, we can get many advantages from forests. Our country Nepal seems to be beautiful because of the green forest, but nowadays forests are being destroyed in many ways. Deforestation may result in many natural disasters such as landslides, over-flood, soil erosion, desertification, and siltation of rivers and lakes.

Nowadays the programs of afforestation and reforestation have preserved the forest, the dwelling of the wild animals. National parks and wildlife reserves preserve many wild animals and birds. Many tourists come to Nepal to watch them. 

Nepal is a developing country about fifty percent of people are literate. Many schools and colleges have been running all over the country. To advance the socio-economic status of farmers, they are provided with the facilities of irrigation modern fertilizers improved seeds, and modern methods of farming. The facilities of electricity, health care, transportation, and communication are also increasing. 

I feel proud to be a citizen of Nepal. We, Nepali people, respect each other. We are co-operative. I do feel the most people love the nation. We feel that mother and motherland are the same. I do hope that our country Nepal will be the best and most famous country in the world.

My Pleasant Dream

Yesterday I had a good dream. Dreams are natural for everyone. Some dreams bring consolation to our hearts, but some dreams are not good. Sometimes, we have pleasant dreams. They make us happy and entertained. I have not kept any record of how many times I have seen interesting and pleasant dreams, but the dream that I had yesterday was very pleasant for me.

Yesterday I went to bed early although I was not tired. I had a nice dream just before dawn. I found myself a candidate in the election for the members of the Representative House. I was heartily welcomed by the people. I found myself that I was walking door to door of the voters, and I could not find anybody who was not satisfied with me. I organized many speech programs to attract the people. My speech was welcomed with the thunderous clappings of the voters.

I dreamt that the election was held one day. I saw that most of the voters were in my favor. They voted for me. After a few days, the result was announced that I was elected. Then all the elected members were informed to go to Kathmandu. In the first meeting of the Representative House members, one of my friends proposed me to be the Prime Minister. I felt very happy. The majority of the members accepted the proposal. Then I was elected the Prime Minister of the state. I was informed to appoint the ministers and I did. One day, I was delivering a lecture on the importance of the people's participation in the development projects of the country.

As I found myself delivering a speech in the dream, my mother knocked at the door and I got up. My dream was pleasant for me because I had never dreamt of being the Prime Minister of my country. I think that there must be some reasons why I dreamt such a pleasant dream. That night, I read some books which belong to politics. These books may be the reasons for the dream that I had yesterday night.

It is said that our dreams belong to our activities and desires. But the content and mode of our dreams can be amplified. Therefore, my pleasant dream must belong to my subconscious desire to be Prime Minister of the country.

 My Childhood Days/My Childhood Experiences

I spent my childhood days where I was born. My native village lies in the Dhankuta district. When I was very small, my parents took care of me. According to my parents, I was very simple. I can remember my childhood days. Now, I want to go back to these days.

Before I got admitted to a primary school, I used to play with my friends. They were the children of our neighbors. We used to play with small balls of cotton. It was very simple. I never beat my friends, rather I was beaten by them. I was very fond of playing with them, therefore, I did not tell my parents how and why I was beaten. I used to play in the dusty streets. My mother sometimes got angry with me because I always made my clothes dirty.

When I was at the age of 5 years, I was admitted to a primary school. 1 felt very happy to go to school. All the teachers were well-known to me as they are my relatives. I did not feel strange at school. I enjoyed my first school life nicely. When class one final (yearly) exam result was published, I stood first in the class. I was awarded some exercise books and a new pen. I became very happy. I realize now that I was highly encouraged to study by the prize. Similarly, I continued my primary education. I was never punished at the primary level as I always completed my study. My friends told me I was not clever, I only knew the textbooks. I completely enjoyed mathematics.

When I completed primary education, I was admitted to a lower secondary school in class six. There were more students than in the primary school Our class was large. At about 100 students used to sit in the class. I always used to sit at the back of the class because my friends did not allow me to sit in the front seats. When the class six result was published, I stood first in the class. Then, my class friends started treating me friendly. I used to help

them with maths and English. I was very good at mathematics. When I completed lower secondary education, I got admitted to a secondary school. My childhood days are memorable. I enjoyed them nicely, I do feel now and wish to recall these bygone days. I wish I were a child because my childhood days were very entertaining for me.

Essay Writing from basic concept to detail

  INTRODUCTION TO ESSAY WRITING

An essay means a piece of composition on a topic. The definition of it literally varies from person to person but the entire semanticity of different definitions, to some extent, seems to be similar. 

Oxford Advanced Learner's dictionary defines an essay as a piece of writing usually short and in prose, on any one subject. The essay is a long piece of composition on a theme or a subject. It is self-contained that is, it has a beginning, a middle, and an end. The beginning usually introduces the subject in general forms. The middle of the essay develops the theme and present the writers thought on it. Then the essay is brought to a close in a suitable concluding passage.

Doctor Johnson defines an essay as a loose sally of the mind: an irregular, indigested piece, not a regular and orderly composition literally the word means an attempt or an experiment. An essay is also regarded as a literary composition on any subject usually in short and prose. 

Etymology says the word essay has been derived from the French word 'essai' which means trial or attempt. Montaigne is known as the first man to write essays. Then the system of writing essays started and spread all over the world.

It can be, on the basis of the aforementioned definitions, concluded that an essay is a self-contained piece of writing in prose on a theme or subject issues that can be literary or nonliterary on any subject or topic.

The essay can be categorized as literary and non-literary on the basis of the following criteria:

1. The style of presentation

2. Language form and wording 

3. The nature of the theme they deal with 

4. and the purpose of writing

 The main purpose of writing the literary essay is to provide pleasure to the readers on the other hand the purpose of writing the non-literary ones is to get something done or to push the world in a certain direction.

Parts of an essay 

An essay is a piece of composition that has well-defined parts of its own. They are the introduction or the beginning, the body or the middle part, and the conclusion or ending. 

Each of these parts plays a vital role to make the essay complete and well written. Although these three parts have their own role they are completely interrelated. In other words, there must be unity, coherence, and cohesion in the whole writing.

 These parts are mentioned here below:

Introduction or the Begining

The introduction is the first part of the essay. It simply introduces the subject matter by giving a general introduction to the topic. It should be arresting and pertinent to the subject. The introduction can consist of a definition or a proverb or a quotation or general statement and so on. The purpose of the introduction is to arrest or draw the attention of the reader. It provides a keynote to the readers. Generally, it appears to be short. The opening sentence should be short impressive and aphoristic. It is said that the introduction should be short, clear, simple, complete, and impressive or effective to give the exact account of the subject.

Body or the Middle Part

This is the second and the most important part of the essay. In this part, the writer elaborates on the subject matter. Illustration, description, elaboration, and or the supporting details of the central idea or the theme should be given after the introduction. It contains appropriate facts anecdote figure logic examples and so on what is needed to clarify the theme. This is also called the discussion part. The body or the middle part of the essay is complete within itself because everything is clearly mentioned here.

Conclusion or Ending

The interests the introduction has to arouse should be satisfied by the conclusion. The ending is expected to be satisfied by the conclusion as it should be satisfying. The ending may contain the writer's own opinion as to the summary of the whole writing too. A good conclusion may consist of the following aspects:

1. As the summary: The conclusion should express the summing up of arguments and logic/ reasons. 

2. Final conclusion: It is drawn from the whole writing, the ending should be conclusive.

3. A suitable quotation: A sweet quotation can be mentioned in the conclusion if the quotation can express the central idea of the whole writing. 

4. Ending with the main point: The conclusion should consist of the main point of the whole writing if the main points can play the prime role of carrying the central idea clearly and completely.

Types of Essays around us. 

Essays can be classified on the basis of different criteria but the following classification is said to be usual and clear.

1. Descriptive Essays  

Descriptive essays are the accurate description of some places, objects, and things such as countries, islands, mountains, seas, rivers, aspects and phenomena of nature, towns, buildings, and so on. So these types of essays can be said to be the accurate account of 'something' which conveys the factual pieces of information to the readers. The information to be included in these kinds of essays is what is seen and what is seen and what is heard by the writers. It is said that the writers of descriptive essays do not make adequate room for their own imagination.

2. Narrative essays

 narrative essays are those that consist of narration of some past events this can be historical or legendary occurrences these stories either true or imaginary programs accidents and biographies of the well-known personalities narrative aces are on average accurate accounts of the past events normally the story of a narrative essay develop according to the chronological order but it does not mean that chronological order is a must the circumstances under which the events happened should be distinctly brought out and the actors should stand out clearly dialogues are introduced where necessary and possible only in order to make the narrative vivid but the direct and straightforward way of narrating that even seems to be best.

3. Expository/ Argumentative Essays

The aim of an argumentative essay is to convince the readers that the position the writer has taken on a subject are saying is right. The writer has to try to give his own reflections and thoughts about the proposition concern views both for and against. The proposition must be considered the writer has to state his thoughts or opinions on the proposition in clear terms then he has to mention the supporting details or evidence along with arguments in a logical manner.

In other words at first, the truth about the proposition should be established. Secondly, it should be pointed out what would happen if it were not true its application to life should be made clear. The effect on the readers depends on the clarity of thought supported by examples, illustrations and actors' references, and the paddle quotations.

 Dave says, " The more we explain and the clearer our losing the greater will be the effect while writing an argumentative essay." The reasoning power of the writer plays a vital role because the writer has agreed reasoning pal can present his thought very clearly argumentative essays seem to be simple. Literary and expository essays are the account of thoughts of the essayist on a proposition are saying 

4. Reflective essays

Reflective essays are the reflections of the writer's experiences on the topic. Dave says, " the aim of the reflective essay is to set forth good opinions of the writer on some subject and to support them by examples and illustrations." Normally the topic of the reflective essays can make extract in nature.

The language style using reflective essays seems literary it's a given subject it's controversial Archer then the possible objections to the views meant end should be clearly stated and replied concrete illustrations should be introduced to explain the clarify the remarks offered because readers are apt to get lost amongst abstractions. In fact, reflective essays express the essays or original thoughts on some topics.

Essay on '' My Best Friend '' and " My Daily Life"

                   
                                                                      My best friend

A friend in need is a friend indeed. I have many friends in my life and all of them are good and real friends. Our friends can have similar interests and opinions to us. It's much usual to have friends with similar ideas and interests. Good friends are always honest, helpful, sincere, and faithful. Among my good friends, Prashant Karki is my best friend. Prashant Karki whose interests opinions, habits, and good manners have influenced me very much is one of my classmates.

 Mr. Karki's physical appearance has also attracted me. His height is about five feet and six inches. He is slim and healthy. His golden hair, blue eyes, fair complexion, and friendly manners lure everyone. He always wears simple dresses at his school. He always appears in the specified uniform. His dress style is very simple. He plays chess, football, and table tennis. He is fun of playing volleyball. He likes Nepali food very much. He's not fond of having fast foods and modern drinks.

He's very good at mathematics and English. He can compose very good poems as he loves literature. Now it's cool, we students have been divided into four houses. The name of our house is Sagarmatha. He's our house leader. He can speak very attractively and expressively. He often takes part in school activities mainly sports. He always gets a good position in the oratory competition and the debate competition as well. He is hardworking and punctual. He is never delayed to reach the school. 

He never angers us as he's simple-minded. But he sometimes gets cheated by cunning and butchery fellows. He is most popular among the students and teachers for his kind nature good manners, politeness, generosity, and love of hard work. He's not so humorous to crack jokes. He respects all his seniors and loves juniors. Because of his noble and intelligent behavior, he's very popular among girls.

He is always willing to share his sorrows and joys with us. He seems to be completely sociable and cooperative. He is highly interested in reading novels and dramas. He is fond of collecting old and historical coins. Till now he has collected twenty different types of coins. He likes to entertain people. Collecting coins and keeping dogs are his hobbies. His ambition in the future is very simple and noble. He wants to be a teacher in a remote place. He prefers living in rural areas to urban areas. He seems to be a little bit sentimental. He loves honest people very much. 

He always follows the notion of the aphorism simple living high thinking. Although he does possess more positive attributes we can indicate some of his weaknesses: though he is talented and gifted he is not strongly determined to compete with his friends. He's simply found to have been victimized by his inferiority complex and lack of self-confidence I do realize that I'm fortunate to get such a noble fellow as my best friend in my life. I wish I were him.

                                                          Thank you!!

Essay:2

                                                         My Daily Life

 Everyone spends daily life involving in different activities. As I am one of the school students, my daily life is very simple and common. My daily life is controlled by the daily routine I have prepared. I feel that most of the school students' daily life will be similar to that of mine.

I always get up at 5:00 early in the morning. I spend half an hour for washing or bathing. As I believe in God, I always go to the temple to be blessed. For it, I spend half an hour. Some of my friends tease telling me a theist. As I go to the temple for my morning prayer, I can have a very good and fresh morning walk. After the morning walk and prayer, I feel energetic, fresh, and creative. Unless I do it, I feel weak and bored. At 6:00 a.m., I enjoy a cup of milk and some bread as breakfast. At a quarter past six, I usually start doing my revision. I often complete it within 8 a.m. Then I read my upcoming lessons for an hour At 9;00 a.m. I always take my lunch and get prepared for school at 9:05. I always reach school at half-past nine.

Our class begins at ten.  We have eight periods to study different subjects. My first period begins with English. After the fourth period, we have a thirty-minute break for tiffin. At four. our school gets over, Immediately, I leave for home, I get myself cleaned. Then I go to our public playground to entertain playing some games. Especially, I am fond of playing football. I generally play it for an hour. Normally we stop playing at 5:45 p.m. Then I go back home at 6:00 pm. After 6:15, I start doing my homework. I always have my dinner at 9;00 am. After dinner, I spend half an hour having a rest. Then, I revise some lessons for an hour, I generally go to bed at 10:00 pm.

On Saturdays and other holidays, I follow different program schedules. On these days, I read newspapers, magazines, storybooks, and other materials which would be boastful to achieve knowledge. During long holidays, I sometimes go on a trekking with my parents or friends for a few days. It is because I believe that traveling functions as one of the best ways of cultivating our minds through different seeds of knowledge and insights. Similarly, we get adequate pleasure by vising different places. Pleasure makes us happy and happiness makes us healthy. If we are healthy we do our job properly on time. Therefore I am willing to visit some places in addition to the chores of daily life.

Although I completely enjoy my daily life, I feel bored when I am not well enough to study. Very, rarely do I feel I am being the slave and victim of time. I do feel that time-table for our daily life certainly leads us to success and prosperous life.