English Grammar Grade 10,11 and 12 ( Different Parts of Speech )

 

Parts of speech

 

Types of Parts of Speech:

 

In short, there are eight different types of parts of speech is there, and those are:

• Noun
• Pronoun
• Verb
• Adverb
• Adjective
• Preposition
• Conjunction
• Interjection
• Determiner

Noun

 

A noun is specified as the name of a person, place, or thing. There are five kinds of nouns:

1.    Proper Noun

2.    Common Noun 

3.    Material Noun

4.    Abstract Noun

5.    Collective Noun 

Proper Noun:

A proper noun is the name of a particular place or person. For example, Dubai is the richest city, here Dubai refers to the name of a place so it is a proper noun.

Common Noun:

A common noun is specified as the name given in common to every person or thing. For example, The girl in my class.

Material Noun:

A material noun denotes the matter of the substance of the thing. For example, the house is built of wood.

Abstract Noun:

It is the name of a quality, action, or state belonging to an object. For example, Darkness, movement, music, philosophy.

Collective Noun:

A collective noun is the name of a group of the collection of persons or things are taken together. For example, army, group, team, class, crowd.

Pronoun

Pronouns are classified into ten types:

1.    Personal pronoun

2.    Impersonal pronoun

3.    Demonstrative pronoun

4.    Distributive Pronoun

5.    Indefinite pronoun

6.    Reciprocal pronoun

7.    Reflexive and Emphatic pronoun

8.    Relative pronoun

9.    Interrogative pronoun

10. Possessive pronoun

Personal Pronoun:

It indicates any person while acting as a subject or an object. For example, I, we, they, you, he, she, him, her, ours.

Impersonal Pronoun:

It indicates mainly non-living things. For example, it.

Demonstrative Pronoun:

It demonstrates any particular sense. For example, this, that, these, those, it, so, such.

Distributive Pronoun:

It distributes the sense of the subject or object. For example, each, every, either, neither.

Indefinite Pronoun:

It signifies the sense of the subject or object. For example, any, all, many, some, few, someone, anyone, none, anybody, nobody, everybody.

Reciprocal Pronoun:

It reciprocates between two or among more than two subjects and makes a complementary sense. For example, each other, one another.

Reflexive and Emphatic Pronoun:

It makes an extra emphasis on the main subject and is constructed with s ‘self’ word. For example, myself, herself, himself, themselves, yourself.

Relative Pronoun:

It relates the subject or object with another clause or part of the sentence. For example, who, which, what, that, whose, whom, anyone, none, anybody.

Interrogative pronoun:

It makes the sense of interrogation. For example, who, which, what, whom, whose.

Possessive pronoun:

It signifies a possession over any other person. For example, mine, ours, yours, his, its, theirs.

Verb

A verb is a word that states action, position, or being.

There are seven types of verbs:

1.    Finite verb

2.    Principal verb 

3.    Transitive verb

4.    Intransitive verb 

5.    Auxiliary verb

6.    Non-Finite verb 

7.    Infinite verb

Finite Verb

These types of verbs are restricted to the number and also to the persons. For example, I am a good boy.

Principal Verb

Principle verbs are the main verb of a sentence, it carries the sense, action, or state of a sentence. For example, I played football yesterday. In this sentence "Play" sate an action that I performed yesterday.

Transitive Verb

These types of verbs are often used alone, with one or more objects in a sentence. For example, Ram played cricket.

Intransitive Verb

These types of verbs do not allow with a direct object, which means you can not use this type of verb where an object is clearly mentioned. An example of this type of verb is 'River flows'

Auxiliary Verb

These types of verbs are used to form tense, mood, aspect, modality, voice, etc. For example, Ram taking a shower.

Non-Finite Verb

By its name, we can say these type of verb is not finite, which means these types of verbs is not show their tense.

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Adverb

An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb in a sentence. These are 9 kinds of an adverb.

1.    Adverb of time (Before, ago, lately, yet, soon, yesterday)

2.    Adverb of Manner (Slowly, so, soundly)

3.    Adverb of Place (Everywhere, down, near, away, etc.)

4.    Adverb of frequency (Once, seldom, rarely, usually)

5.    Adverb of affirmation and negation (Certainly, apparently, undoubtedly)

6.    Interrogative Adverb (Where, when, how, why, how often, how long)

7.    Relative Adverb (When, why, how)

8.    Adverb of degree (Almost, fully, very, enough, rather, really)

9.    Adverb of a sentence (Surely, luckily)

 

 

Adjective

An adjective is a word that qualifies a pronoun or a noun. There are eight kinds of adjectives.

1.    Proper adjective (Asian, Chinese, American, Japanese, African)

2.    Adjective of quality (Good, bad, rich, poor, wise, great, hot, cold, warm)

3.    Numerical adjective (One, two, five, several, each, every, few, a few, fourth, very few, many)

4.    Adjective of quantity (All, any, much, some, half, full, whole, enough)

5.    Demonstrative adjective (This, that, these, those, such)

6.    Distributive adjective (Each, every, either, neither)

7.    Interrogative adjective (Which, what, whose)

8.    Possessive adjective (my, our, his, her)

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Prepositions

Prepositions are six types, those are:

1.    Preposition of Time (At, in, on, by, of, from, away, since, for, towards)

2.    Preposition of Place (At, from, within, without, inside, outside, in front of, on top of, beyond, between)

3.    Preposition of Possession (By, of, with)

4.    Prepositions of direction motion (To, at, from, round, across, against)

5.    Prepositions of cause, reason, and purpose (Of, for, with)

6.    Preposition of Agent, Manner, or Method (In, on, for, by with, though)

Conjunction

There are three types of conjunction,

1.    Coordinating conjunction

2.    Subordinating Conjunction

3.    Correlative conjunction

Coordinating Conjunction

These types of conjunction join two sentences or clauses of the same kinds, i.e. but, like, although, even though, despite, in spite of, etc.

Subordinating Conjunction

These types of conjunction are used with subordinate clauses, i.e. because, lest, if, etc.

Correlative Conjunction

These types of conjunctions are used in pairs, i.e. neither-nor, either-or, so-as, etc.

Interjection

An interjection expresses some sudden feeling of one’s mind. For example, Alas! We have lost the match. Hurrah! We won the match.

Some common interjections are Bravo, Hurrah, Alas, Oh,

Determiner

The word which is used at the beginning of a noun group to indicate

 'a', 'the', 'some', 'this', and 'each'

Articles

Definite article The form 'The' is known as the definite article. It is used to point out some particular person or thing. It is usually used with a singular countable noun.

 

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Advance Level Grammar Chapter Articles ( A, An and The)

 Articles Introduction

Articles are members of the larger class of pronomial modifiers. They are generally recognized as one of the most difficult and intractable problems that learners have with English grammar. The adjectives 'a', 'an', and 'the' are usually called articles.

There are basically two types of articles in English: definite (the) and indefinite (a/an). The circumstances in which a noun is not preceded by an article are called zero articles.

Definite article :

The form 'The' is known as the definite article. It is used to point out some particular person or thing. It is usually used with a singular countable noun. 

eg. The earth is round. The boy with a red cap is my brother, etc.

 Note: When we use the definite article 'the' we presume that both we and the hearer know what is being talked about. The use of definite article is used before a noun that has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second time.

We use articles:

1. When we expect the reader to be able to identify the thing or person referred to we can use the article with plural, singular, or uncountable nouns.

2. When a  phrase identifies the particular thing that is being talked about:

 For eg: the ecology of the hill environment, the climate in this zone, etc

3. We use the article when we talk about uncommon things

For eg: in one part of the nation, the future, the main point, 

Some 'unique' nouns can be used with a/an when we describe a type or aspect of a thing. 

We use a/an: 

We use 'a' before nouns and noun phrases that begin with a consonant sound. 

If the noun or noun phrase starts with a vowel letter but begins with a consonant sound, we use a;

a university  a European  a one-parent family

We use 'an' before the words that begin with a vowel sound, including the silent letter 'h'.

an orange an Italian an umbrella an hour an honor 

abbreviations said as individual letters that begin with A, E, F, H, I, L, M, N, O, R, S OR X;

an MP an FBI agent an IOU

But compare abbreviations said as words;

a NATO general a FIFA official but an OPEC meeting

Use of 'a' 

(i) Before a countable noun beginning with a consonant sound: 

a bag, a girl, a hat, a pilot, a hotel, a book, a house

 (ii) In most of the cases 'I ' and 'us' are pronounced as a consonant: 

a eucalyptus, a one rupee note, a one-way ticket a university girl, a union, a user, a unit, a useless car, a utensil,, a useful article, a European, a unicorn

 (iii) Abbreviation whose the first letter has a consonant sound: a BA, a TOEFL score 

1. When a singular countable noun is written for the first time. That is not mentioned before.

2. To describe someone or say what type of thing something is:

3. To say what a person's job is:

Do you think that as a doctor, you'd be able to do this operation?

Note: We use the or no article to give a person's title.

She's the CEO of a project here. or She's head of a project there.

4. We use number and quantity expressions:

a month, half an hour, two times a year, etc.

Use of 'an' 

(i) Before a countable noun beginning with a vowel sound: an egg, an uncle, an elephant, an orange, an untidy girl, an insect 

(ii) In most of the cases 'h' is pronounced as a vowel: an hour, an heiress, an honest man, an heirloom, an heir, an honorable man

 (iii) Abbreviation whose first letter has vowel sound: an SOS message, and MBS an LLB

Use 'the': 

1. Before celestial body: the Earth, the sky, the universe, the Moon, a lump of sugar, a pinch of salt, the Sun

 Note: except for the earth, no article is used for other planets. 

2. When a noun is repeated the second time:  I saw a dog. The dog was shabby.  

He bought a cake. The cake was stale.

3.  Before superlative degrees: the best. , the worst, the highest the most, the least 

4. Before ordinal numbers: the first, the second, the third, the forth

 5. Before names of musical instruments:, the drum, the piano, the guitar, the key-board

 6. Before names of rivers, seas, and oceans: the Nile, the Narayani, the Thames the Bagmati, the Red sea, the Dead sea

7. Before names of groups of islands and Gulf: the British Isles, the Isle of Man, the Laccadive Islands, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Guinea 

8. Before names of mountain ranges: the Mahabharat range, the Himalayas, the Alps, the Rockies, the Andes

9. Before plural names of countries: the United States the Philippines, the UK, the USSR, the UAB

10. Before names of canals and peninsulas: the Suez canal, the Gandak canal, the Panama canal, the Iberian Peninsula, 

11. Before names of deserts, the Sahara, the Gobi, the Thar 

12. Before names of newspapers: the Times, Rising Nepal, the Gorkhapatra, the Kantipur, the Washington Post

13. Post Before a period of decades: the twenties, the fifties, the sixties 

14. Before names of directions and poles and Geographical area: the west the east, The North Pole, the South Pole, the Middle East 

15. Before names of the periods of history and historic events: the Modern Age the Victorian Age, the Renaissance, the Martyrs Day, the Independence Day

16. Before family names and castes: the Dakotas, the Limbus the Rais, the Bramins, the Smiths 

17. Before names of religious books: the Ramayan, the Bible,  the Kuran 

18. Before names of political parties: the CPN-UML, the Conservative, the Republican, the Nepali Congress, the Communist

 19. Before names of nationalities' adjectives: the Chinese, the Japanese, the English 

20. Before a noun modified by a 'phrase' or 'clause': The man in jeans seems to be rich. The water in this glass is fresh. The girl who stood first is my daughter. 

21. Before a singular noun that represents a particular class: The donkey is stupid. (All the donkey) The tiger eats meat. (All the tiger) The wild elephant is in danger of extinction (All the wild elephants) 

22. Before special meals: the farewell party, the wedding party, the birthday party 

Note: But not before ordinary meals: dinner a lunch, supper a breakfast

 23. Before daybreaks: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.

Note: But not before noon-midnight dawn night 

We use no article

1. With uncountable and plural nouns when we talk generally about people or things rather than about specific people or things:

2. With some singular nouns referring to institutions. (e.g. school, college, hospital, prison, university, work)

3. When we talk about them generally. Compare after you've left college and the course here at the college

4. With most countries: Brazil, Switzerland, Norway but the Netherlands, the USA, the UK, the Philippines, the Gambia

5. With the names of months and days of the week: in June, on Monday; special times of the year: during Ramadan, at Easter; (or the) with seasons: like to go skiing in winter or... in the winter. However, we generally

6. We use the to talk about a particular month, day, etc. I'm going to Nepal in the summer (= next summer)

7. We use 'the' with meals when we talk about the next one What's for dinner?; a recent one What did you have for breakfast; or a meal in general.

8. About a particular meal or particular meals: We had an early dinner, The breakfast in the hotel is great.

All the Grammatical Terms you should be aware of.

 Grammatical terms 

Introduction 

Grammatical terms are called metalinguistic terms. They are used to describe language that always provides a context for talking about grammar and conceptualization of grammatical knowledge.

Constituent Structure

Constituent structure encodes linear order, hierarchical groupings, and syntactic categories of constituents and is the input to the phonological component of the grammar. The constituent structure is nothing but the LFG phrase structure rule.

A constituent structure can be very be presented using brackets or tree diagrams. A grammar that analysis sentences wholly in terms of HIERARCHY of structure layers is sometimes called a constituent structure grammar.

Phrases

A phrase consists of a head element plus any other required or optional elements that appear alongside the head element. Lyons (1968:171) says,".... any group of words which is grammatically equivalent to a single word and which does not have its own subject and predicate is a phrase; The head element determines which other elements can appear with it. 

Noun Phrase

A noun phrase normally has a noun as its head element.

Verb phrase

A head element of this verb phrase is the verb. The verb is followed by a noun phrase which functions as the direct object of the verb. Like noun and verb phrases, an adjective phrase can function both as a constituent of a sentence and that of other phrases. As a constituent of a sentence, an adjective phrase releases the function of complement.

Some of the examples are:  He is very intelligent. (Subject attribute)

                                            We found him very intelligent. (Object attribute)

                                           He was extremely sad to hear the news. (Subject attributes)

Noun phrases

Nouns

The head of a noun phrase is normally a noun. The noun refers to people places and things. The noun in English is usually classified as common or proper. Common nouns refer to the general names of people, places, and things and are divided into two classes: 

1. Count nouns                                                                                   2. Non-count nouns.

Count nouns can be made plural while noncount nouns do not have a plural form. In some languages the equivalents of many English non-count nouns are countable. Speakers of these languages are likely to produce errors as in (a)* The police will need a lot of additional evidence.

Collective nouns are made up of a small group of count nouns in English that refer to a collection or group of individual parts or members. Unlike other nouns, collective nouns in their singular forms may be followed by a singular or plural verb so both would be considered grammatical.

a. The faculty is meeting next week.

b. The faculty are meeting next week.

Proper nouns are the names of specific people places and things that can either be singular or plural and they are usually capitalized. The table below shows the basic noun types and pronouns. The head element of a noun phrase may also be a pronoun. A word that refers to a noun that has been previously mentioned. The pronoun she refers back to the noun phrase a woman in the previous sentence. 

a. A woman got out of the car was were wearing a blacktop.

Gerunds

 A gerund is a present participle that can function as the head of a noun phrase. A gerund can appear alone in a noun phrase. A gerund can appear in an NP, as in (a), or an NP can include more constituents such as the neighbors,

a. {Swimming} is a great form of exercise.

b. {Inviting the neighbors} was a big mistake.

We can tell that swimming and inviting the neighbor's function as NP's because we can substitute another NP (with a head noun) for each of them.

Prenomial Modifiers

Prenomial modifiers are words that precede a head noun in a noun phrase. The most common prenominal modifiers fall into categories: determiners and adjectives. Each of these categories is discussed below briefly:

Determiners

Determiners indicate important characteristics about head nouns such as definiteness, indefiniteness, possession, or quantity. There are thus, several types of determiners:

articles (definite and indefinite), demonstrative determiners (this, these, those, that) numbers(cardinal and ordinal), possessive determiners