Electrostatics Grade 11 notes

Electrostatics

The branch of physics which deals with the electrical charges at rest is called electrostatics or static electricity.

Current electricity:

The branch of electricity that deals with the charge in motion is called current electricity

Electric Charge:

The charge is the inherent property of some fundamental particles because of which matter experiences the force in the electromagnetic field.

In electrostatics, electric charges are produced by friction between two bodies due to the transfer of electrons from one body to another without their actual movement. So, an object can be changed due to friction.

When a glass rod is rubbed with silk and brought near small paper pieces it attracts them. The property developed

 

in glass rod on rubbing with silk is supposed to be positive charge and that developed in silk is supposed to be the negative charge.

When a plastic comb is rubbed with hair, a plastic comb

becomes electrically charged Which is conformed when is

brought near To the small piece of papers It attracts the piece of paper.

Types of Electric charge:

Electric charges are basically of two types

1. Positive charge: Positive charge is fundamentally carried by protons.

2. Negative charge: Negative charge is fundamentally carried by electrons.

The body which losses electrons become

positively charged and the body which gains

electrons become negatively charged.

A particle or an object which has net-zero charges is referred to as neutral. Neutrons are neutral.

Thus, electric charge is the fundamental property of every matter carried by subatomic particles such as

electrons and protons.

Unit and Dimension of Electric Charge

The unit of electric charge is the coulomb (C).

The charge is the product of two fundamental quantities: Electric current (I) and time (T)

The electric Charge(q) = Current(I) x Time(t)

Thus,

Electric charge is the scalar quantity and is usually denoted by “q”. Its SI unit is Coulomb(C) or Ampere second.

Note:

Remember that a positive charge experiences force along the direction of the electric field and a negative charge experiences force in the opposite direction.

The CGS unit of Charge is stat−coulomb.

1C=3×10⁹ Statcoulomb

1nC=10⁻⁹C

1μC=10⁻⁶C

Dimension

Charge (q) = 𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝐼×𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑇

Or,

𝑞=[𝐼𝑇]or [𝐴𝑇]

The modern theory of electrification

The process of developing a charge in a body is called electrification.

According to this theory, a body can be charged by the transfer of electrons. Every material is composed of atoms. In an atom, the number of positively charged protons must be equal to the number of negatively charged electrons.

So, it is electrically neutral.

By any process, if some of the electrons are removed, the body becomes positively charged because several protons are more than electrons.

On the other hand, the material that receives electrons acquires a negative charge because of extra electrons added.

Properties of electric charge:

1. Only two types of electric charges exist in nature. They are positive and negative.

2. Like charges repel and unlike charges attract each other.

3. It is a scalar Quantity, So the total charge on the body is the algebraic sum of all charges distributed over different parts of it.

4. Electric Charge is quantized.

The charge on a body is always an integral multiple of the basic unit of charge. This basic unit is

taken as the charge on an electron or proton which is equal to 1.6x10 19 C.

i.e. Total Charge on a body

(Q) = ±𝐍e

This is called the quantization of charge.

Where, e = 1.6x10 19 C is charge of an electron and N= 0,1,2,3,4,……...

5. Electric charge is conserved, i.e. charge can neither be created nor be

6. The electric charge on a body does not depend on its speed.

Conductor:

Materials through which electricity (charge) can pass easily are called conductors. Generally, the metals like copper, silver, iron, acidic water, the human body, earth, etc. are the conductors of electricity.

Conductors can be charged by friction and the charges they gain spread over the whole surface.

Conductors like metals possess free electrons.

Metals like copper, silver, gold, and aluminum are very good conductors of electricity.

Insulator:

Materials which do not allow the electric charges to pass through them are called the insulators. Glass, wood, dry paper, rubber, ebonite, air, etc. are the insulators or non-conductors of electricity.

Insulators can gain charges by friction but the charges can’t move to other parts and remain localized.

Insulators do not possess free electrons.

Fused quartz is a very good example of an insulator. 

Charging of a Body:

The charging of a body is the process in which a body gains or loses charged particles (electron). There are three method for the charging of a body.

•    Friction.

•    Conduction.

•    Induction.

Charging by Friction:

Charge particles can be transferred by rubbing a body to another.

While rubbing, the electrons on a body move to another body. One which losses the electrons, gets positively charged and the other, which gains the electrons, gets negatively charged.

Nature of charge in rubbing pair materials
S.N.	Pair materials	Positively charged	Negatively charged
1	Glass rod, Silk Cloth	Glass Rod	Silk cloth
2	Fur, ebonite rod	Fur	Ebonite rod
3	Woolen cloth, Plastic pen	Woolen Cloth	Plastic Pen
4	Woolen carpet, rubber	Woolen Carpet	Rubber
5	Dry hair, plastic comb	Dry Hair	Plastic Comb

Charging a body by conduction

When a neutral body is brought into contact with a charged body some charges flow into it and become charged. The charge acquired by the neutral body is similar to that of the charged body.

Fig. charging of a metallic sphere by conduction

 

Charging by Induction: The temporary charging of a body when it is brought nearer to a charged body without touching it is known as induction. The charge on an originally charged body is called inducing charge and the charge in a conductor which is influenced by the charge on another body is known as induced charge. The charge developed at near ends is called induced bound charge and the charge developed at the far end is called induced  free charge.

(a) Charging a body negatively  by induction

Step (I):

If a positively charged glass rod is brought near a body PQ  (Kept on an insulating stand), the end P of the body acquires bound negative charges and the far end Q acquires free positive charges due to induction as shown in figure 1(a).

Step (II):

The body PQ is earthed with the help of the metal wire as shown in figure 1(b). In this case, the free positive charges flow to the earth. However, the negative charges being the bound charges do not move into the earth.

Step (III): The earthed is removed keeping the glass rod still in its position. The bound negative charges remain at end P as shown in figure 1 (c).

FFig1: Charging a body negatively by induction Step (IV):

Finally, the positively charged rod is removed away from the body PQ. The bound negative charge spread over the whole surface of the body PQ as shown in figure 1(d). Therefore, the body's PQ becomes negatively charged by induction.

Ebonite rod

•       Step (I): An ebonite rod is charged negatively by rubbing it with fur. The negatively charged ebonite rod is brought close to the body PQ to be charged as in figure (2) a. In doing so, the end P of the body acquires positive charges, and the end Q acquires negatives charges.

•       Step (II):

The conductor is earthed as shown in figure (2) b. The negative charges in the body PQ flows into the earth since they are free of charge. However, the positive bound charges remain in the body.

•       Step (III):

The earthing is removed from the body PQ keeping the ebonite rod as it were as in figure (2) c.

•       Step (IV):

The negatively charged ebonite rod is removed. In doing so, the positive charges on the body PQ became free and get distributed     Fig 2: Charging a body positively by induction uniformly throughout the body as in figure (2) d. 

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Neb Grade 11 Biology

Introduction to Biology

Biology (taken from two Greek words Bios means life and logos means to study or discourses) is a science that deals with phenomena of life.

The term Biology was first used by Lamarck and Treviranus.

However, Aristotle (384-322 BC) is known as the father of Biology. 

Botany: The word botany is derived from the Greek word 'botane' which means herb or plant. Thus, Botany is the branch of biology that deals with the study of plants.

Zoology: The word Zoology is derived from the Greek word 'Zoon' which means animal. Thus, Zoology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of animals.

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Thermodynamics Grade 11 combined summary

Thermodynamics ( NCERT and NEB )

 Temperature is a relative measure or indication of hotness or coldness. Hot utensils are said to have a high temperature, and ice cubes to have a low temperature. An object that has a higher temperature than another object is said to be hotter. Note that hot and cold are relative terms.

We know from experience that a glass of ice-cold water left on a table on a hot summer day eventually warms up whereas a cup of hot tea on the same table cools down. It means that when the temperature of the body, ice-cold water or hot tea in this case, and its surrounding medium are different, heat the transfer takes place between the system and the surrounding medium, until the body and the surrounding medium, are at the same temperature.

Measurement of temperature using a thermometer

A measure of temperature is obtained using a thermometer. Many physical properties of materials change sufficiently with temperature. Some such properties are used as the basis for constructing thermometers. The commonly used property is the variation of the volume of a liquid with temperature. For example, in common liquid–in–glass thermometers, mercury, alcohol, etc., are used whose volume varies linearly with temperature over a wide range.

 Thermometers are calibrated so that a numerical value may be assigned to a given temperature on an appropriate scale. For the definition of any standard scale, two fixed reference points are needed. Since all substances change dimensions with temperature, an absolute reference for expansion is not available. However, the necessary fixed points may be correlated to the physical phenomena that always occur at the same temperature.

 The ice point and the steam point of water are two convenient fixed points and are known as the freezing and boiling points, respectively. These two points are the temperatures at which pure water freezes and boils under standard pressure. The two familiar temperature scales are the Fahrenheit temperature scale and the Celsius temperature scale. The ice and steam point have values 32 °F and 212 °F, respectively, on the Fahrenheit scale and 0 °C and 100 °C on the Celsius scale.

On the Fahrenheit scale, there are 180 equal intervals between two reference points, and on the Celsius scale, there are 100.

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Essay on ' My Ambition of Being a Doctor' , 'My Hobbies' , ' My Journey by Plane' and ' My Journey by Bus'

  My Ambition of Being a Doctor

My ambition in life is to be a medical doctor. Ambition in life is the destination to reach. Everybody has an aim in life. Somebody wants to be a businessman or a teacher or an engineer. Somebody wants to be a social worker or a political leader. I hope I can meet my ambition if I work sincerely and steadily because my teachers have told me that I am a talented student. I do believe in my teachers' words.

I will feel free after my SEE exam. I am thinking of having entertainment and refreshment for a few days after my SEE because I may feel tired and bored. I have not visited some famous places in our country yet I am planning to visit Pokhara and Gorkha. I will spend a few days there. After my visit, I will learn computers for a couple of months. I am thinking of studying science. I will prepare for the entrance test.

After the SEE result is published, I will try to find out one of the best higher secondary schools to get admitted to. I hope I will be able to do it. I will study Science. After two years, I will complete higher secondary education securing good marks. Then I will study medicine. I want to be a medical doctor. I will join a medical college. After some years, I will be a doctor.

After I pass MBBS, I will go to a remote area to serve the people. 1 has known that many people die of diseases in remote areas due to a lack of proper treatment every year. I will try to serve them mainly in two ways: promoting health awareness and curing unhealthy people. I feel that health education functions more significantly than treatment. Therefore I will try to educate the people by running health awareness programs. I am thinking that I will request school and college teachers to manage some classes for me. I hope they will provide me. I will tell the students to share their knowledge and skills with their parents. Furthermore, I will try to educate some health representatives. They will visit individual houses and try to educate the people to be healthy. I am planning to serve the people for ten years. After then I will come back to my native place to work as a doctor.

My ambition of being a doctor is not to earn money but to serve the people. I serve the people and the motherland honestly. I am strongly willing to gain popularity, prestige, and love from the people. I want to be an ideal doctor. It is my ambition in life.

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 My Hobbies

Hobbies provide us with pleasure. We have different means of entertainment. A hobby is one of the ways of entertaining doing something repeatedly. We can utilize our spare time doing something as our hobbies. Hobbies make people feel entertained. Hobbies are for only pleasure, but not for financial support. They definitely enrich our mental and physical health.

Different individuals enjoy different hobbies. Some of the common hobbies are taking photographs, collecting stamps, gardening, collecting coins, painting, and drawing, etc. Some people seem to be fond of visiting places or playing indoor games. Some people enjoy their spare time writing poems, songs, reading novels and stories, etc. Everybody enjoys his spare time according to his interest.

There are some of the advantages of hobbies. We can properly utilize our spare time and do not feel bored. Hobbies are one of the easiest and cheapest ways of having pleasure. We do not need more money to fulfill our needs related to hobbies. The people who have hobbies cannot be lazy because if they have spare time, they start enjoying hobbies. We can have both mental and physical exercises. If we read novels, stories, poems, etc. we can have mental exercises. My hobbies of gardening, visiting places, cycling. etc. contribute to physical exercises. We can enrich our knowledge by means of our hobbies. For example, the hobbies of reading various types of materials, writing different articles, collecting stamps, visiting places, etc. are knowledge for all the people.

I am fond of visiting places and taking photographs. By visiting places and things, we can have pleasure and knowledge. We can enjoy the photographs in our leisure time. The photographs of natural scenes and scenery are really entertaining for me. I have many photographs of mountains, rivers, lakes, waterfalls, forests, caves, grasslands, animals, birds, etc. Similarly, I have a good collection of arts and handicrafts I have watched many programs, folk dances, historical events and have taken photographs of them.

I am well-satisfied with the collection of photographs. I am thinking of managing an exhibition of photographs. It will be advantageous for all the visitors, I do expect.

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 My First Journey by Plane

Traveling by plane is entertaining for me, but on my first journey by plane, I felt slightly afraid and excited. We want to visit the places to get pleasure, information, and knowledge. In order to visit them, we have to travel long distances, too. If we plan to visit places far from our native place, we can travel by plane,

Last year, I had an opportunity to travel by plane. I had to go to Biratnagar from Kathmandu. It was the rainy season. The road to the eastern part of Nepal was blocked by landslides in many places for some days. Therefore, my father bought a plane ticket for me. On the day of my departure to Biratnagar, I went to the airport with my father. there only to see me off. While we were waiting for our plane, it was informed that our plane was ready. Then, we were informed to go to the plane, the door of which was open.

The passengers were standing in a queue. After a few minutes, I entered the plane and took a seat. I felt both fear and excitement. Everybody was informed to fasten safety belts but I didn't know how to do it. As the door got closed, the plane started to run along the runway. I felt afraid. I closed my eyes and prayed Almighty. After a few minutes, I opened my eyes. I realized the plane was flying in the sky. I could see small houses, forests, streets, roads, streams, rivers, etc. from the plane. Gradually my fear started to fade away. I noticed that all the passengers were entertained by watching nature through the windows. Then, I felt there was no cause to fear. But after a few minutes, our plane started making strange sounds. Therefore, I felt afraid and looked at other passengers and the air hostesses. They were sitting comfortably. They did not seem to have been scared. And I realized that it was not any problem. At the same time, I happened to watch the scene of the mountains through the window. How beautiful they were! All of them were very bright. Those snow-capped mountain peaks made me forget myself, too. It means that I was spellbound by the beauty of those mountain peaks.

After half an hour, our plane was over the Terai. I could see paddy fields easily. Unfortunately, the weather became bad. The plane started bumping. I was about to fall off my seat because I had not fastened the safety belt. Then, my neighbor helped me to fasten it. After a few minutes, the weather became clear. As we were about to reach Biratnagar, I could see the town and the airport. I felt that our plane was descending regularly. When it landed, I got off the plane quickly My uncle Rajesh was waiting for me at the airport. We hired a taxi and went to my uncle's house.

Nowadays, I am fond of traveling by plane. It is comfortable, easy, fast, and entertaining. I also feel that it is the most dangerous means of transport we have. My first journey by plane is a memorable experience in my life.

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My Journey by Bus

Last year, I planned to spend our winter vacation with my brother. I bought the bus tickets to travel from Dharan to Hile. Dharan is a beautiful market in Sunsari and Hile is a very attractive and newly developing market in Dhankuta. As I prepared everything, I along with my brother, went to the bus stop on time.

When we arrived at the bus stop, we saw that it was overcrowded. We searched for our bus. There was a long queue of passengers. We stood in the same queue. After a few minutes, we got on the bus but it was already packed. We could not see any vacant seats We got off it and requested the conductor of the bus to manage two seats. He replied he could not. Then, we returned our tickets and looked for another bus. Fortunately, we got an empty bus and hurriedly got on it. Most of the seats were vacant. We chose two front seats and sat comfortably.

After a few minutes, all the seats were occupied and gradually the bus got overcrowded. The bus left on time at 6:00 a.m. While we were talking and enjoying the scene outside through the windows, an old woman called me by my first name. As I looked at her, I knew that she was my neighbor. She was standing with great difficulty. I was in dilemma about what was to be done. If I told her to take my seat, I had to keep myself standing for the whole journey. I was morally and spiritually compelled to provide her the seat and I kept standing near it. While the bus was moving along many bends. of the road, I felt great difficulty balancing my body.

When the bus arrived at Vedetar at the peak of the hill, we got off it for breakfast. We enjoyed watching beautiful Dharan from there. Most of the passengers had tea and snacks; and so did we. I felt extremely cold because it is a very cold place although it is an hour bus ride from Dharan. I got on the bus and wore my warm jacket. I like the place very much because it is really attractive. It is rich in natural beauty. We also took some photographs there. My brother bought some oranges but they were very cold to have. After half an hour, we again started our journey.

When we reached Hile, we got off the bus. I felt extremely tired as I had not got any seat on the bus. Hile is at the top of the hill. It is a beautiful market. It also attracts many tourists every year. After we got off the bus, we went to a hotel and had bread and curry. Then, we started trekking to my native village.

I think that my journey taught me a lesson. The bus service is not well planned. The department concerned should plan it properly. It is really difficult for children and old passengers to travel. Weak passengers cannot get seats. The bus staff does not care about the passengers. There is not seat reservation system. It is not fair for the passengers.

Thank You for being here !!🙏🙏

Essay on My Country Nepal, My pleasant Dream and My Childhood Days

My Country Nepal 

Nepal is an agro-based country. Sixty-Five percentage of people completely depend on agriculture in Nepal. Some of the educated people are employed in other sectors such as teaching, office work, business, etc. Although the people belong to various social groups and religions, they really practice "unity in diversity". The followers of one religion respect the people who belong to another religion. The feeling and practice of fraternity foster the rapport between the people. People speak different languages and enjoy different modes of culture, traditions, and festivals.

Nepal is famous for Angelic natural beauty, unique wonders, and gifts in the world. Although she is landlocked, people from foreign countries are fond of visiting her. She is famous for mountains, rivers, lakes, etc. The highest mountain peak in the world Mt. Everest fascinates many tourists every year. Through tourism, she can earn foreign currency which can be used on development projects. Nepal is rich in natural resources. Many rivers flow from high mountains te=wisting and turning round the hills and move through terai. Many brooks and streams serve the people in many ways. They are advantageous for irrigation, transportation, rafting, running hydroelectricity projects, and so on and so forth.

It is said that ' Hario Ban Nepal ko Dhan'. In fact, we can get many advantages from forests. Our country Nepal seems to be beautiful because of the green forest, but nowadays forests are being destroyed in many ways. Deforestation may result in many natural disasters such as landslides, over-flood, soil erosion, desertification, and siltation of rivers and lakes.

Nowadays the programs of afforestation and reforestation have preserved the forest, the dwelling of the wild animals. National parks and wildlife reserves preserve many wild animals and birds. Many tourists come to Nepal to watch them. 

Nepal is a developing country about fifty percent of people are literate. Many schools and colleges have been running all over the country. To advance the socio-economic status of farmers, they are provided with the facilities of irrigation modern fertilizers improved seeds, and modern methods of farming. The facilities of electricity, health care, transportation, and communication are also increasing. 

I feel proud to be a citizen of Nepal. We, Nepali people, respect each other. We are co-operative. I do feel the most people love the nation. We feel that mother and motherland are the same. I do hope that our country Nepal will be the best and most famous country in the world.

My Pleasant Dream

Yesterday I had a good dream. Dreams are natural for everyone. Some dreams bring consolation to our hearts, but some dreams are not good. Sometimes, we have pleasant dreams. They make us happy and entertained. I have not kept any record of how many times I have seen interesting and pleasant dreams, but the dream that I had yesterday was very pleasant for me.

Yesterday I went to bed early although I was not tired. I had a nice dream just before dawn. I found myself a candidate in the election for the members of the Representative House. I was heartily welcomed by the people. I found myself that I was walking door to door of the voters, and I could not find anybody who was not satisfied with me. I organized many speech programs to attract the people. My speech was welcomed with the thunderous clappings of the voters.

I dreamt that the election was held one day. I saw that most of the voters were in my favor. They voted for me. After a few days, the result was announced that I was elected. Then all the elected members were informed to go to Kathmandu. In the first meeting of the Representative House members, one of my friends proposed me to be the Prime Minister. I felt very happy. The majority of the members accepted the proposal. Then I was elected the Prime Minister of the state. I was informed to appoint the ministers and I did. One day, I was delivering a lecture on the importance of the people's participation in the development projects of the country.

As I found myself delivering a speech in the dream, my mother knocked at the door and I got up. My dream was pleasant for me because I had never dreamt of being the Prime Minister of my country. I think that there must be some reasons why I dreamt such a pleasant dream. That night, I read some books which belong to politics. These books may be the reasons for the dream that I had yesterday night.

It is said that our dreams belong to our activities and desires. But the content and mode of our dreams can be amplified. Therefore, my pleasant dream must belong to my subconscious desire to be Prime Minister of the country.

 My Childhood Days/My Childhood Experiences

I spent my childhood days where I was born. My native village lies in the Dhankuta district. When I was very small, my parents took care of me. According to my parents, I was very simple. I can remember my childhood days. Now, I want to go back to these days.

Before I got admitted to a primary school, I used to play with my friends. They were the children of our neighbors. We used to play with small balls of cotton. It was very simple. I never beat my friends, rather I was beaten by them. I was very fond of playing with them, therefore, I did not tell my parents how and why I was beaten. I used to play in the dusty streets. My mother sometimes got angry with me because I always made my clothes dirty.

When I was at the age of 5 years, I was admitted to a primary school. 1 felt very happy to go to school. All the teachers were well-known to me as they are my relatives. I did not feel strange at school. I enjoyed my first school life nicely. When class one final (yearly) exam result was published, I stood first in the class. I was awarded some exercise books and a new pen. I became very happy. I realize now that I was highly encouraged to study by the prize. Similarly, I continued my primary education. I was never punished at the primary level as I always completed my study. My friends told me I was not clever, I only knew the textbooks. I completely enjoyed mathematics.

When I completed primary education, I was admitted to a lower secondary school in class six. There were more students than in the primary school Our class was large. At about 100 students used to sit in the class. I always used to sit at the back of the class because my friends did not allow me to sit in the front seats. When the class six result was published, I stood first in the class. Then, my class friends started treating me friendly. I used to help

them with maths and English. I was very good at mathematics. When I completed lower secondary education, I got admitted to a secondary school. My childhood days are memorable. I enjoyed them nicely, I do feel now and wish to recall these bygone days. I wish I were a child because my childhood days were very entertaining for me.

Essay Writing from basic concept to detail

  INTRODUCTION TO ESSAY WRITING

An essay means a piece of composition on a topic. The definition of it literally varies from person to person but the entire semanticity of different definitions, to some extent, seems to be similar. 

Oxford Advanced Learner's dictionary defines an essay as a piece of writing usually short and in prose, on any one subject. The essay is a long piece of composition on a theme or a subject. It is self-contained that is, it has a beginning, a middle, and an end. The beginning usually introduces the subject in general forms. The middle of the essay develops the theme and present the writers thought on it. Then the essay is brought to a close in a suitable concluding passage.

Doctor Johnson defines an essay as a loose sally of the mind: an irregular, indigested piece, not a regular and orderly composition literally the word means an attempt or an experiment. An essay is also regarded as a literary composition on any subject usually in short and prose. 

Etymology says the word essay has been derived from the French word 'essai' which means trial or attempt. Montaigne is known as the first man to write essays. Then the system of writing essays started and spread all over the world.

It can be, on the basis of the aforementioned definitions, concluded that an essay is a self-contained piece of writing in prose on a theme or subject issues that can be literary or nonliterary on any subject or topic.

The essay can be categorized as literary and non-literary on the basis of the following criteria:

1. The style of presentation

2. Language form and wording 

3. The nature of the theme they deal with 

4. and the purpose of writing

 The main purpose of writing the literary essay is to provide pleasure to the readers on the other hand the purpose of writing the non-literary ones is to get something done or to push the world in a certain direction.

Parts of an essay 

An essay is a piece of composition that has well-defined parts of its own. They are the introduction or the beginning, the body or the middle part, and the conclusion or ending. 

Each of these parts plays a vital role to make the essay complete and well written. Although these three parts have their own role they are completely interrelated. In other words, there must be unity, coherence, and cohesion in the whole writing.

 These parts are mentioned here below:

Introduction or the Begining

The introduction is the first part of the essay. It simply introduces the subject matter by giving a general introduction to the topic. It should be arresting and pertinent to the subject. The introduction can consist of a definition or a proverb or a quotation or general statement and so on. The purpose of the introduction is to arrest or draw the attention of the reader. It provides a keynote to the readers. Generally, it appears to be short. The opening sentence should be short impressive and aphoristic. It is said that the introduction should be short, clear, simple, complete, and impressive or effective to give the exact account of the subject.

Body or the Middle Part

This is the second and the most important part of the essay. In this part, the writer elaborates on the subject matter. Illustration, description, elaboration, and or the supporting details of the central idea or the theme should be given after the introduction. It contains appropriate facts anecdote figure logic examples and so on what is needed to clarify the theme. This is also called the discussion part. The body or the middle part of the essay is complete within itself because everything is clearly mentioned here.

Conclusion or Ending

The interests the introduction has to arouse should be satisfied by the conclusion. The ending is expected to be satisfied by the conclusion as it should be satisfying. The ending may contain the writer's own opinion as to the summary of the whole writing too. A good conclusion may consist of the following aspects:

1. As the summary: The conclusion should express the summing up of arguments and logic/ reasons. 

2. Final conclusion: It is drawn from the whole writing, the ending should be conclusive.

3. A suitable quotation: A sweet quotation can be mentioned in the conclusion if the quotation can express the central idea of the whole writing. 

4. Ending with the main point: The conclusion should consist of the main point of the whole writing if the main points can play the prime role of carrying the central idea clearly and completely.

Types of Essays around us. 

Essays can be classified on the basis of different criteria but the following classification is said to be usual and clear.

1. Descriptive Essays  

Descriptive essays are the accurate description of some places, objects, and things such as countries, islands, mountains, seas, rivers, aspects and phenomena of nature, towns, buildings, and so on. So these types of essays can be said to be the accurate account of 'something' which conveys the factual pieces of information to the readers. The information to be included in these kinds of essays is what is seen and what is seen and what is heard by the writers. It is said that the writers of descriptive essays do not make adequate room for their own imagination.

2. Narrative essays

 narrative essays are those that consist of narration of some past events this can be historical or legendary occurrences these stories either true or imaginary programs accidents and biographies of the well-known personalities narrative aces are on average accurate accounts of the past events normally the story of a narrative essay develop according to the chronological order but it does not mean that chronological order is a must the circumstances under which the events happened should be distinctly brought out and the actors should stand out clearly dialogues are introduced where necessary and possible only in order to make the narrative vivid but the direct and straightforward way of narrating that even seems to be best.

3. Expository/ Argumentative Essays

The aim of an argumentative essay is to convince the readers that the position the writer has taken on a subject are saying is right. The writer has to try to give his own reflections and thoughts about the proposition concern views both for and against. The proposition must be considered the writer has to state his thoughts or opinions on the proposition in clear terms then he has to mention the supporting details or evidence along with arguments in a logical manner.

In other words at first, the truth about the proposition should be established. Secondly, it should be pointed out what would happen if it were not true its application to life should be made clear. The effect on the readers depends on the clarity of thought supported by examples, illustrations and actors' references, and the paddle quotations.

 Dave says, " The more we explain and the clearer our losing the greater will be the effect while writing an argumentative essay." The reasoning power of the writer plays a vital role because the writer has agreed reasoning pal can present his thought very clearly argumentative essays seem to be simple. Literary and expository essays are the account of thoughts of the essayist on a proposition are saying 

4. Reflective essays

Reflective essays are the reflections of the writer's experiences on the topic. Dave says, " the aim of the reflective essay is to set forth good opinions of the writer on some subject and to support them by examples and illustrations." Normally the topic of the reflective essays can make extract in nature.

The language style using reflective essays seems literary it's a given subject it's controversial Archer then the possible objections to the views meant end should be clearly stated and replied concrete illustrations should be introduced to explain the clarify the remarks offered because readers are apt to get lost amongst abstractions. In fact, reflective essays express the essays or original thoughts on some topics.

NEB Grade 11 English Book and Nepali Book

   Grade 11 English Book

Sample
                                                              

                                                                     Unit 1 

                                                 Education and Humanity

 “The roots of education are bitter, but the fruit is sweet.” - Aristotle 

Reading Education First Before you read

 
Click here to download the English book   ( Find Nepali Book at the end of the page )

 Now read the speech by Malala delivered at the United Nations Youth Assembly on 12 July 2013.

 Today, it is an honor for me to be speaking again after a long time. Being here with such honorable people is a great moment in my life. I don't know where to begin my speech. I don't know what people would be expecting me to say. But first of all, thank you to God for whom we are all equal, and thank you to every person who has prayed for my fast recovery and a new life. I cannot believe how much love people have shown me. I have received thousands of good wish cards and gifts from all over the world. Thank you to all of them. Thank you to the children whose innocent words encouraged me. Thank you to my elders whose prayers strengthened me. 

I would like to thank my nurses, doctors, and all of the staff of the hospitals in Pakistan and the UK and the UAE governments who have helped me get better and recover my strength. I fully support Mr. Ban Ki-moon, the Secretary-General in his Global Education First Initiative and the work of the UN Special Envoy Mr. Gordon Brown. And I thank them both for the leadership they continue to give. They continue to inspire all of us to action. There are hundreds of human rights activists and social workers, who are not only speaking for human rights but who are struggling to achieve their goals of education, peace, and equality. Thousands of people have been killed by the terrorists and millions have been injured. I am just one of them. So here I stand, one girl among many. I speak not for myself, but for all girls and boys. I raise up my voice – not so that I can shout, but so that those without a voice can be heard. Those who have fought for their rights: Their right to live in peace. Their right to be treated with dignity. Their right to equality of opportunity. Their right to be educated. On the 9th of October 2012, the Taliban shot me on the left side of my forehead. They shot my friends too. They thought that the bullets would silence us. 

But they failed. And then, out of that silence came thousands of voices. The terrorists thought that they would change our aims and stop our ambitions but nothing changed in my life except this: weakness, fear, and hopelessness died. Strength, power, and courage were born. I am the same Malala. My ambitions are the same. My hopes are the same. My dreams are the same. I am not against anyone. Neither am I here to speak in terms of personal revenge against the Taliban or any other terrorist group. I am here to speak up for the right of education of every child. I want education for the sons and the daughters of all the extremists especially the Taliban. I do not even hate the Talib who shot me. Even if there is a gun in my hand and he stands in front of me, I would not shoot him. This is the compassion that I have learned Malala delivering a speech at UN General Assembly from Muhammad-the prophet of mercy, Jesus Christ, and Lord Buddha. This is the legacy of change that I have inherited from Martin Luther King, Nelson Mandela and Muhammad Ali Jinnah. This is the philosophy of non-violence that I have learned from Gandhi Jee, Bacha Khan, and Mother Teresa. And this is the forgiveness that I have learned from my mother and father. This is what my soul is telling me, be peaceful and love everyone. 

We realize the importance of light when we see darkness. We realize the importance of our voice when we are silenced. In the same way, when we were in Swat, the north of Pakistan, we realized the importance of pens and books when we saw the guns. The wise saying, “The pen is mightier than the sword” was true. The extremists are afraid of books and pens. The power of education frightens them. They are afraid of women. The power of the voice of women frightens them. And that is why they killed 14 innocent medical students in the recent attack in Quetta. And that is why they killed many female teachers and polio workers in Khyber Pukhtoon Khwa and FATA. That is why they are blasting schools every day. Because they were and they are afraid of change, afraid of the equality that we will bring into our society. I remember that there was a boy in our school who was asked by a journalist, “Why are the Taliban against education?” He answered very simply. By pointing to his book he said, “A Talib doesn't know what is written inside this book.” They think that God is a tiny, little conservative being who would send girls to hell just because of going to school. 

The terrorists are misusing the name of Islam and Pashtun society for their own personal benefits. Pakistan is a peace-loving democratic country. Pashtuns want education for their daughters and sons. And Islam is a religion of peace, humanity, and brotherhood. Islam says that it is not only each child's right to get an education, rather it is their duty and responsibility. Peace is necessary for education. In many parts of the world wars and conflicts stop children to go to their school. We are really tired of these wars. Women and children are suffering in many parts of the world in many ways. Young girls have to do domestic child labor and are forced to get married at an early age. Poverty, ignorance, injustice, racism, and the deprivation of basic rights are the main problems faced by both men and women. Today I am focusing on women's rights and girls' education because they are suffering the most. There was a time when women social activists asked men to stand up for their rights. But, this time, we will do it by ourselves. I am not telling men to step away 6 English: Grade 11 from speaking for women's rights rather I am focusing on women be independent to fight for themselves. Now it's time to speak up. So today, we call upon the world leaders to change their strategic policies in favor of peace and prosperity. We call upon the world leaders that all peace deals must protect women's and children's rights. A deal that goes against the dignity of women and their rights is unacceptable. 

We call upon all governments to ensure free compulsory education for every child all over the world. We call upon all governments to fight against terrorism and violence, to protect children from brutality and harm. We call upon the developed nations to support the expansion of educational opportunities for girls in the developing world. We call upon all communities to be tolerant – to reject prejudice based on caste, creed, sect, religion, or gender. To ensure freedom and equality for women so that they can flourish, we cannot all succeed when half of us are held back. 

We call upon our sisters around the world to be brave – to embrace the strength within themselves and realize their full potential. We want schools and education for every child's bright future. We will continue our journey to our destination of peace and education for everyone. No one can stop us. We will speak for our rights and we will bring change through our voice. We must believe in the power and the strength of our words. Our words can change the world. Because we are all together, united for the cause of education. And if we want to achieve our goal, then let us empower ourselves with the weapon of knowledge and let us shield ourselves with unity and togetherness. We must not forget that millions of people are suffering from poverty, injustice, and ignorance. We must not forget that millions of children are out of school. We must not forget that our sisters and brothers are waiting for a bright peaceful future. So let us wage a global struggle against illiteracy, poverty, and terrorism, and let us pick English: Grade 11 7 up our books and pens. They are our most powerful weapons. One child, one teacher, one pen, and one book can change the world. Education is the only solution. Education first. MalalaYousafzai Ways with words.

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