Grade-11 Paramecium (ZOOLOGY) || Binary Fission and Conjugation

 Paramecium

What is paramecium?

 Kingdom: Protista 

Phylum: Protozoa

Class: Ciliate

Genus: Paramecium •

Species: caudatum

 

The paramecium is an oval, slipper-shaped micro-organism rounded at the top/front and pointed at the back/bottom. The pellicle, a stiff but elastic membrane that gives the paramecium a definite shape but allows some small changes. Covering the pellicle are many tiny hairs, called cilia.

What are the different parts of paramecium?

Pellicle - a membrane covering that protects the paramecium like skin

Cilia - hair-like appendages that help the paramecium move food into the oral groove

Oral Groove - collects and directs food into the cell mouth

Cell Mouth - opening for food

Anal Pore - disposes of waste

Contractile Vacuole - contracts and forces extra water out of the cell

Radiating Canals - paths to the contractile vacuole

Cytoplasm - intercellular fluid needed to contain vital cell parts

Trichocyst - used for defense

Gullet - forms food vacuoles

Food Vacuole - storage pocket for food

Macronucleus - larger nucleus which performs normal cell functions

Micronucleus - smaller nucleus which is responsible for cell division.

Paramecium performs both sexual and asexual reproduction

List the Various processes of reproduction that occur in paramecium.

1. Binary fission - Asexual reproduction

2. Conjugation - Sexual reproduction by cross-fertilization

3. Autogamy - Sexual reproduction by self-fertilization

4. Endomixis - *Nuclear organization and multiplication *Degeneration of old macronucleus and formation of new by fusion of micronuclei

 

Describe binary fission in paramecium.

1. BINARY FISSION (Asexual Reproduction)

A common method of reproduction

. Occurs transverse at the right angle to the longitudinal axis of the body

. Stops feeding before division and oral groove disappears

 

Macronucleus divides by amitosis and micronucleus divides by mitosis then they move towards the opposite end

At the same time, the constriction develops at the middle part of the body which divides cytoplasm into two equal parts

A fully grown Paramecium is thus divided into two daughter individuals

 

. Daughter from the anterior end is called protor and from the posterior end is called opisthe

. They are of equal size and have a complete set of cell organelles

. Oral groove and cytopharynx are newly formed in both the daughters

. One contractile vacuole goes to protor and another to opisthe.

. The other two contractile vacuoles are newly formed.

. The whole process is completed within 2 hours and may occur one to four times a day.

 

CONJUGATION (A form of sexual reproduction)

Continuous multiplication by binary fission is interrupted by conjugation as it is necessary for the survival and rejuvenation of the race.

Unfavorable conditions like some degree of starvation, shortage of food, a particular bacterial food, a certain range of light and temperature, and certain chemicals induce conjugation.

Definition: Temporary union of two individuals of the same species for mutual exchange of genetic materials is called conjugation.

Steps:

                                 

. The two Paramecium of opposite mating types come in contact by their ventral surface during swimming

. They stick together through their oral groove region

. Cilia, Trichocysts, and feeding apparatus degenerate

. Pellicle and ectoplasm degenerate at the point of contact and a cytoplasmic bridge/conjugation bridge is formed

. United paramecia are now conjugants

Changes in Macronucleus

The macronucleus breaks up into fragments and these are later absorbed into the cytoplasm.

Changes in micronucleus:

. The micronucleus in each conjugant grows in size and then divides by meiosis to produce four micronuclei

. Out of these four micronuclei, three degenerate and disappear

. The remaining micronucleus divides by mitosis to form two unequal gamete nuclei

. The smaller gamete nuclei are active in migratory in nature and are called migratory gamete nucleus

. The larger gamete is passive and stationary in nature and is called the stationary gamete nucleus

. The migratory gamete nucleus of one conjugant passes through the protoplasmic bridge into

another conjugant and fuses with its stationary gamete nucleus.

. This fusion results in the formation of a single diploid zygote nucleus (synkaryon) and this

process are called *amphimixis.

(*The process of complete fusion of two nuclei from two different individuals to form a zygote

the nucleus is called amphimixis.)

After the formation of the zygote nucleus, the attached conjugants separate and now they are

called ex-conjugants.

. The zygote nucleus in each ex-conjugants divides thrice by mitosis forming eight nuclei

. Out of eight nuclei, four grow in size to become macronuclei and the rest four small nuclei are called micronuclei

. Then three micronuclei degenerate and disappear.

. The remaining one micronucleus divides mitotically into two

. The ex-conjugants also divide into two daughter paramecia

. Now each daughter paramecia have 2 macronuclei and I micronucleus

. Micronucleus divides mitotically with the division of the cytoplasm

. This resulted in four daughter paramecia each with one macronucleus and one micronucleus.

. In this way, 8 paramecia are produced as a result of conjugation four from each conjugant

Debate on motion, " Is Climate change the greatest threat faced by humanity today?"

 Is Climate change the greatest threat faced by humanity today?

 

Without further a due, are you wearing a mask and sanitizing your hands because of global warming or climate change? To this date has climate change ever forced you to be imprisoned in your room, also known as lockdown. Are Syria, Iraq, Yemen doing wars because of Global warming and climate change?

Are people engaging in social problems like conflict, murder, extortion, rape, kidnapping, and various homicide due to climate changes?

Climate change is a way of doing scams. The organizations are fooling people, deceiving them, and making billions of money. Globalists and socialists are using the fear created by this scam to convince the innocent public to accept their extraordinarily expensive, and extremely dangerous, and harmful changes to global economic, political, and energy policies. These modern socialists and globalists blame highly productive capitalism for their fabricated catastrophic global warming.

For your kind information, climate change has been around since the planet has had its climate. Climate is maintained primarily by the sun, atmosphere and secondarily by geological actions. We humans have almost nothing to do with it. From the beginning of civilization, we humans are adapting according to climate. We cannot control climate; we cannot change it but we should learn to adapt according to it.

If you have noticed, then you will find that even the classification in races of humans is caused by the difference of climate they are residing in. The Arabians have adapted to live in a desert climate, Primate Islander in Island, Alaskan in cold and tundra climate. If the climate could be changed, we super-intelligent humans could have made moderate climate all over the world, isn’t it?

Was the ice age caused by humans? Of course not, and was the ice age ended human? The answer is again no. Then how can you claim that Climate change is the greatest threat to humanity?

If the climate is changed again then it will be the next exam or test for adaptation.

Then what is the greatest threat to humanity?

Yes, you are truly a pandemic like Covid-19 which has killed over 4.55 million people in less than 2 years. Well, In 1918 above 50 million people died due to the influenza pandemic, not due to climate change.

The most destructive world wars challenged the existence of whole humanity killing 75 million people.

In the case of climate change, this planet is doing very well. When snow and glaciers are increased then we call it a natural process but when the time comes to melt the same glaciers then we got afraid by calling it global warming. It that so then the problems of global warming, the climate is not just for humanity it’s for the whole living kind.

The threat to humanity is terrorism, conflicts, cyber-attack. Venezuela has a crime rate index of 84.36, the highest of any country in the world. Just over 400,000 people died from homicide in 2017. South Africa has the highest rate of rape in the world with 132.4 incidents per 100,000 people. Between 2019 and 2020 ransomware attacks rose by 62% worldwide and by 158% in North America alone. The frequency of cyberattacks is set to rise to 11 seconds in 2021. The cyber-attack is causing system hacking, stealing of privacy, business loss, leaking stolen sensitive data, and so on.

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Other debate ( DEBATE SERIES)

1. Debate on the topic, " Is it necessary to be highly competitive in order to succeed?"

2. Debate on the topic, " Politics should be kept out of school. "

3. Debate on motion, " Is Climate change the greatest threat faced by humanity today?"

Feel free to comment and share your ideas.

Debate on the topic, " Politics should be kept out of school. "

 POLITICS SHOULD BE KEPT OUT OF SCHOOL.

 

 I am strongly in the favor of the statement, "Politics should be kept out of school."

I want to remind you that politics is a dirty game. Here we are talking about political ethics which is far beyond political science. Being completely man-made subject matter it is easily manipulated. And in school, why do students need to understand governance, power, corruption, votes, and strikes. Even they cannot use it in their daily life. They have not got the right to vote. Then where will they use these kinds of stuff in daily life?

Isn't it better to focus on compulsory subject matters which we can use?

Politics is an ideology based not a problem-based phenomenon. The political solution to a problem is as bad as their solution. Politics truly mean biases and inequality. Do we want impartiality in school?

Politics should be kept out of the school in terms of teaching. Biased teaching opting to suggest any political form, party, or candidate is inappropriate.

 Politics encourage nepotism and favoritism. The capable individual is not provided a chance only the person who is spotlighted is mostly offered any opportunity. There gives a rise in unhealthy competition between individuals to show who is better. They engage in back pulling others.

Everybody wants to be powerful and dominate others. Hence it's not amazing to find some sort of politics in our school and college management too.

To seem good among college management and principle, some teachers may complain about mistakes of other staff/faculty members. This is also one of the political ethics. were you aware of that?

Similarly, not only among teachers there is politics in the students union, group, and so on. Of course, favoritism where capable one is not given chance.

Students must be encouraged to use their potentiality or power focusing on study and career not to carry flags of the political party and get injured by selfish leaders. The motto of every political leader is, "If I will get nominated I will not run and if I get elected I will not serve." So our students must not stain their hands with this filthy politics.

I am sure you are aware of the fact why students go to protest or strike in countries like India and Nepal because politicians know how to lure students. After politicians lure them by claiming to improve their condition, free education, special seats, and favor for students they easily agree to be political staff. After that they leave their classes to carry flags, posters and banners then start shouting hail Maoist or hail congress.

My question is why do we need politics? Why do poor needs to work hard, rich needs to exploit the poor, police need to protect those rich, the taxpayer need to pay tax, the lawyer needs to mislead case and politician are always good and bindaas at their own,

We need to teach students about physics, economic growth, the importance of moral values, and Sanskar not politics from an early age.

Political parties often come to campus, government school influences students, misuse educational budget and funds, involved in corruption, full fill own selfishness, causes domination, and keep going. These politicians use students for political party benefits.

Now you may argue that politics teach us about voting and good governance then my logic is if students don't have the right to vote at school age or have no involvement in politics in the current scenario then should their brain be washed from a young age. I have seen some teachers politically involved were plagiarising about their preferred political party creating bias and encouraging students to follow leaders.

In school, there won't be a fair choice of election and appointment system, Politics will rule over the system.

You may like:

Other debate ( DEBATE SERIES)

1. Debate on the topic, " Is it necessary to be highly competitive in order to succeed?"

2. Debate on the topic, " Politics should be kept out of school. "

3. Debate on motion, " Is Climate change the greatest threat faced by humanity today?"

Feel free to comment and share your ideas.

Debate on the topic, " Is it necessary to be highly competitive in order to succeed?"

 Is it necessary to be highly competitive to succeed?

 

I am strongly in favor of the statement, “It is not necessary to be highly competitive to succeed.”

The definition of success is dynamic which differs from person to person but the definition of competition is quite clear which means to win.

And it’s also true everyone cannot be won, isn’t it?

It’s not difficult to be powerful it’s difficult to remain powerful all the time.

The patient who wants to be healthy, a student who wants to improve his grade, employee who wants promotion all have a different meaning for success.

Success manifest in being less stressed, less worried, and more peaceful and happy. But competition gives us distress we become worried about the result before going to the field, we can’t stay happy at that time.

When you focus too much on the competition and how your friend or classmate is doing. Preparing for a simple exam can become too stressful for you and you end up not studying and losing that finally lowers your self-esteem and confidence.

But my friend,

Success is continuous growth where you celebrate small victories and for that, I don’t think we need to be extremely competitive.

Being a highly competitive personality will make you find obstacles, challenges, and competitions and you begin to participate in every competition and get stuck there.

A highly competitive personality is often labeled as self-absorbed and not being flexible.

Our society, family and often schools indeed relate competition with success and you to start to become highly competitive with one and only objective to win all your friends.

You start to multiply effort, create more pressure in the brain, filled with anxiety, and at last, you get yourself ruined. In case you become 1^st by doing all this stuff then what will be the benefit.

Well let me tell you:

You will again start to prepare for the next competitive exam, not make any friends, continue the stress in the brain, grow old and end up your life competing with others.

Instead of that if you were improving yourself daily, learning from your mistakes, and progressing then you’d have done a lot in a short period.

If you were focused on a single objective and head towards removing all the obstacles, then I will guarantee you would have reached your destination.

At last, I will like to sum up by telling that it’s not necessary to be intensely competitive to achieve your definition of success.

 Thank you!

You may like:

Other debate ( DEBATE SERIES)

1. Debate on the topic, " Is it necessary to be highly competitive in order to succeed?"

2. Debate on the topic, " Politics should be kept out of school. "

3. Debate on motion, " Is Climate change the greatest threat faced by humanity today?"

Feel free to comment and share your ideas.

Parts of Speech ( English Grammar)

1. Parts of speech

   Types of Parts of Speech:

   In short, there are eight different types of parts of speech is there, and those are:

   • Noun
   • Pronoun
   • Verb
   • Adverb
   • Adjective
   • Preposition
   • Conjunction
   • Interjection
   • Determiner

   Noun

   A noun is specified as the name of a person, place or thing. There are five kinds of nouns:

   1.    Proper Noun

   2.    Common Noun 

   3.    Material Noun

   4.    Abstract Noun

   5.    Collective Noun 

   Proper Noun:

   A proper noun is the name of a particular place or person. For example, Dubai is the richest city, here Dubai refers to the name of a place so it is a proper noun.

   Common Noun:

   A common noun is specified as the name given in common to every person or thing. For example, The girl in my class.

   Material Noun:

   A material noun denotes the matter of the substance of the thing. For example, the house is built of wood.

   Abstract Noun:

   It is the name of a quality, action or state belonging to an object. For example, Darkness, movement, music, philosophy.

   Collective Noun:

   A collective noun is the name of a group of the collection of persons or things are taken together. For example, army, group, team, class, crowd.

   Pronoun

   Pronouns are classified into ten types:

   1.    Personal pronoun

   2.    Impersonal pronoun

   3.    Demonstrative pronoun

   4.    Distributive Pronoun

   5.    Indefinite pronoun

   6.    Reciprocal pronoun

   7.    Reflexive and Emphatic pronoun

   8.    Relative pronoun

   9.    Interrogative pronoun

   10. Possessive pronoun

   Personal Pronoun:

   It indicates any person while acting as a subject or an object. For example, I, we, they, you, he, she, him, her, our.

   Impersonal Pronoun:

   It indicates mainly non-living things. For example, it.

   Demonstrative Pronoun:

   It demonstrates any particular sense. For example, this, that, these, those, it, so, such.

   Distributive Pronoun:

   It distributes the sense of the subject or object. For example, each, every, either, neither.

   Indefinite Pronoun:

   It signifies the sense of the subject or object. For example, any, all, many, some, few, someone, anyone, none, anybody, nobody, everybody.

   Reciprocal Pronoun:

   It reciprocates between two or among more than two subjects and makes a complementary sense. For example, each other, one another.

   Reflexive and Emphatic Pronoun:

   It makes an extra emphasis on the main subject and is constructed with s ‘self’ word. For example, my self, herself, himself, themselves, yourself.

   Relative Pronoun:

   It relates the subject or object with another clause or part of the sentence. For example, who, which, what, that, whose, whom, anyone, none, anybody.

   Interrogative pronoun:

   It makes the sense of interrogation. For example, who, which, what, whom, whose.

   Possessive pronoun:

   It signifies a possession over any other person. For example, mine, ours, yours, his, its, theirs.

   Verb

   A verb is a word that states action, position or being.

   There are seven types of verb:

   1.    Finite verb

   2.    Principal verb 

   3.    Transitive verb

   4.    Intransitive verb 

   5.    Auxiliary verb

   6.    Non-Finite verb 

   7.    Infinite verb

   Finite Verb

   These types of verb are restricted to the number and also to the persons. For example, I am a good boy.

   Principal Verb

   Principle verbs are the main verb of a sentence, it carries the sense, action, or state of a sentence. For example, I played football yesterday. In this sentence "Play" sate an action that I performed yesterday.

   Transitive Verb

   These types of verb are often used alone, with one or more objects in a sentence. For example, Ram played cricket.

   Intransitive Verb

   These types of verb do not allow with a direct object, that means you can not use this type of verb where an object is clearly mentioned. Example of this type of verb is 'River flows'

   Auxiliary Verb

   These types of verbs are used to form tense, mood, aspect, modality, voice, etc. For example, Ram taking a shower.

   Non-Finite Verb

   By its name we can say these type of verb is not finite, that means these types of verb is not show their tense.

   Adverb

   An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb in a sentence. These are 9 kinds of an adverb.

   1.    Adverb of time (Before, ago, lately, yet, soon, yesterday)

   2.    Adverb of Manner (Slowly, so, soundly)

   3.    Adverb of Place (Everywhere, down, near, away, etc.)

   4.    Adverb of frequency (Once, seldom, rarely, usually)

   5.    Adverb of affirmation and negation (Certainly, apparently, undoubtedly)

   6.    Interrogative Adverb (Where, when, how, why, how often, how long)

   7.    Relative Adverb (When, why, how)

   8.    Adverb of degree (Almost, fully, very, enough, rather, really)

   9.    Adverb of sentence (Surely, luckily)

    

    

   Adjective

   An adjective is a word which qualifies a pronoun or a noun. There are eight kinds of adjectives.

   1.    Proper adjective (Asian, Chinese, American, Japanese, African)

   2.    Adjective of quality (Good, bad, rich, poor, wise, great, hot, cold, warm)

   3.    Numerical adjective (One, two, five, several, each, every, few, a few, fourth, very few, many)

   4.    Adjective of quantity (All, any, much, some, half, full, whole, enough)

   5.    Demonstrative adjective (This, that, these, those, such)

   6.    Distributive adjective (Each, every, either, neither)

   7.    Interrogative adjective (Which, what, whose)

   8.    Possessive adjective (my, our, his, her)

   Prepositions

   Prepositions are six types, those are:

   1.    Preposition of Time (At, in, on, by, off, from, away, since, for, towards)

   2.    Preposition of Place (At, from, within, without, inside, outside, in front of, on top of, beyond, between)

   3.    Preposition of Possession (By, of, with)

   4.    Prepositions of direction motion (To, at, from, round, across, against)

   5.    Prepositions of cause, reason, and purpose (Of, for, with)

   6.    Preposition of Agent, Manner or Method (In, on, for, by with, though)

   Conjunction

   There are three types of conjunction,

   1.    Coordinating conjunction

   2.    Subordinating Conjunction

   3.    Correlative conjunction

   Coordinating Conjunction

   These types of conjunction join two sentences or clauses of the same kinds, i.e. but, like, although, even though, despite, in spite of   etc.

   Subordinating Conjunction

   These types of conjunction used with subordinate clauses, i.e. because, lest, if, etc.

   Correlative Conjunction

   These types of conjunctions used in pairs, i.e. neither-nor, either-or, so-as, etc.

   Interjection

   An interjection expresses some sudden feeling of one’s mind. For example, Alas! We have lost the match. Hurrah! We won the match.

   Some common interjections are Bravo, Hurrah, Alas, Oh,

   Determiner

   Word which is used at the beginning of a noun group to indicate

    'a', 'the', 'some', 'this', and 'each'