GRADE-11 BOTANY SOLANACEAE

 SOLANACEAE

 

SYSTEMATIC POSITION:

Kingdom-------Plantae              

Division--------Phanerogams

Class-----------Dicotyledonae

Sub-class-----Gamopetalae

Series----------Bicarpellatae

Order-----------Polemoniales

Family----------Solanaceae

Genera: 90 and Species 2200

DISTRUBUTION- tropical and temperate regions

HABITAT- Terrestrial, mostly mesophytes (average condition of water supply); xerophyte (dry place Solanum xanthocarpum )

HABIT- annual herbs (complete lifecycle in a season) or shrubs and rarely trees or climbers (Solanum

jasminoides, Solanum dulcamara)

VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS

ROOT- Tap root (primary root which develops from the elongation of the radicle and bear small radical roots)

STEM- Herbaceous (doesn’t contain wood), aerial (develops above ground), erect (grows vertically upright), cylindrical, branched, solid, glabrous (unhairy) or slightly hairy; modified into tubers (round and fleshy with reserved food materials where several buds develops on the nodes Solanum tuberosum)or may be provided with spines (Solanum xanthocarpum).

LEAF - Cauline (leaf born on main stem) and ramal (leaf arises from branches), alternate (successive leaves occur on opposite sides), often becoming opposite at or near the inflorescence; exstipulate, simple(has single lamina and the incision of margin doenot touch the mid-rib), rarely pinnately compound(mid rib are attached to the mid rib and leaflets are arranged laterally), petiolate(with petiole), ovate(shape of leaf blade is like an egg), margins entire, lobed(margin divided into many lobes) or dentate(margin protects teeth at right angle), apex acute(forms acute angle), surface sub-glabrous (unhairy) to sparsely pubescent(hairy), unicostate(strong mid-rib and lateral veins runs parallel towards apex), reticulate venation.

 

 

FLORAL CHARACTERS

INFLORESCENCE- Cymose(definite inflorescense where growing point of the peduncle is used up in the formation of flower); usually axillary cyme or combination of cymes;sometimes flowers may be solitary (Datura sp.)

FLOWER- Ebracteate (without bract), ebracteolate (without bracteolate), pedicellate (having pedicel), complete (have four whorls). Actinomorphic (radially symmetrical), rarely zygomorphic (laterally symmetrical Schizanthus sp., Brunfelsia Americana) with bilabiate(two lipped flowers) flowers), hermaphrodite(bisexual), pentamerous(the floral parts in multiple of five), hypogynous( flower having superior ovary) and cyclic ( floral parts arranged in whorls)

CALYX - Sepals 5, gamosepalous(sepals are united), five- lobed, Aestivation valvate(margins of adjacent sepals meet at the edge but donot overlap each other), sometimes imbricate(overlapping of sepals is irregular), persistent( sepals persisit till the fruit formation and are present in the mature fruit), often enlarging in fruits.

COROLLA - Petals 5, gamopetalous(petals are united), Aestivation usually imbricate(irregular overlapping of sepals and petals) or twisted( one petal overlaps the next with one margin and it is overlapped by the previous on the other margin), rarely valvate(margins of adjacent petals meet at the edge but do not overlap each other), corolla usually campanulate(shape like bell) or infundibuliform(funnel shaped corolla), sometimes rotate (Solanum sp.) or bilabiate (Brunfelsia sp.)

ANDROECIUM - Stamens 5, polyandrous (stamens are free from each other), epipetalous (stamens fused with petals), alternating with corolla lobes; anther dithecous (anther having two lobes), basifixed (base of anther and top of filament is joined) inserted (stamens remaining inside the corolla petals); introrse(anther facing inward)

GYNOECIUM – Bicarpellary (Carpels-2), syncarpous(carpels are fused laterally to form compound pistil); ovary superior ( gynoecium of hypogynous or perigynous flower) bilocular( two chambers sometimes tetralocular(three chambers) placentation axile (the placentae develop along the central axis in an ovary having two or more locules)

FRUIT - Usually many seeded berry and rarely capsule

SEED - Compressed flat, albuminous; embryo curved with two cotyledons.

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERISTIC

1. Inflorescence is usually axillary cyme, sometimes extra-axillary cyme.

2. Sepals 5, gamosepalous and persistent, Petals 5, gamopetalous with imbricate or twisted aestivation, Stamens 5, polyandrous and epipetalous.

3. Ovary superior, bilocular, sometimes tetralocular due to formation of false septum.

4. Ovary is obliquely placed with oblique septum.

 

 

ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS

Vegetables:

1. Potato- Solanum tuberosum

2. Tomato – Lycopersicum esculentum

3. Brinjal (eggplant) – Solanum melongena

4. Chili – Capsicum annuum

Medicine:

1. Atropa belladonna (Deadly nightshade – Yield atropine & belladonna).

2. Datura stramonium (Datura – yields stramonium).

3. Datura metel (Datura)

4. Withania somnifera (Winter cherry)

5. Solanum xanthocarpum  (Yellow-berried Nightshade)

6. Solanum nigrum (Black nightshade; local name – Kaligeri)

Narcotic:

1. Nicotiana tabacum (Tobacco)

 

Fruit:

 

1. Physalis peruviana (Cape gooseberry)

Ornamental:

1. Cestrum nocturnum (Night jasmine)

2. Cestrum diurnum (Day jasmine)

3. Brunfelsia americana (Yesterday-today and tomorrow plant/ Lady of the night)

 

Grade 11 Botany BRASSICACEA (Cruciferae) notes and answers

 Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)

Kingdom             : Plant

Division               : Phangerogams                                                             

Class                    : Dicotyledonae

Sub-class             : Polypetalae

Series                   : Thalamiflorae

Order                   : Parietales

Family                  : Cruciferae (Brassicaceae)

 

Genra: 375 and Species: 2500

Distribution: Cosmopolitan (common in temperate region)

Habitat: Terrestrial, cultivated, some aquatic ( Nastrum officinale- watercress, Subularia aquatic- water awlwort)

Habit: Annual (complete their lifecycle in one season), Biennial (complete their lifecycle in two seasons, growing vegetatively and storing food in one season and flowering and fruiting in another season) or Perennial (survive for several years) herbs. Sulphur containing pungent sap due to glucosides (sinigrin)

VEGETATIVE CHARACTERS

Root: Tap and branched (primary root which develops from the elongation of the radicle and bear small radical roots) modified to:  Fusiform (swollen like a spindle, being thickest in the middle and narrowing towards the apex and base Eg: Radish) or Napiform (almost spherical at the base tapering towards the apex Eg: Turnip)

Stem: Erect (vertical and sufficiently strong to stand erect), Herbaceous (doesn’t contain wood), unbranched or branched cylindrical, Pubescent (hairy). The stem becomes very much condensed but after vegetative growth it elongates in the form of floral shoot.

Leaf: Radical (leaves borne at the ground level from a reduced stem eg: Radish), Cauline (leaf born on main stem) and ramal (leaf arises from branches), alternate (successive leaves occur on opposite sides), exstipulate (without stipule), petiolate (with petiole) or sessile (without petiole), lyrate (large terminal lobe and small lateral lobes), unicoastate (strong mid-rib and lateral veins runs parallel towards apex), reticulate venation

FLORAL CHARACTERS

Inflorescence: Racemose (younger flowers are found on tip or center) raceme (main axis is long and bears laterally stalked flowers of equal length) or corymb (main axis is short)

Flower: Ebracteate (without bract), ebracteolate (without bracteolate), pedicellate (having pedicel), complete (have four whorls). Actinomorphic (radially symmetrical), bisexual, tetramerous ( number of floral parts in each whorl is four) , hypogynous ( superior ovary), cyclic ( floral parts arranged in whorls)
CALYX- Sepals 4 in two whorls of 2 each, the outer 2 median and inner 2 lateral, polysepalous(sepals are free from one another), imbricate aestivation (irregular overlapping of sepals and petals)

COROLLA- Petals 4, polypetalous (petals free from one another), aestivation valvate(petals meet by their edges but don’t overlap), imbricate (margins overlap irregularly) or sometimes twisted; cruciform (petals places diagonally in the form of a cross in whorls)

ANDROECIUM- Stamens 6 in two whorls, two outer and four inner, polyandrous (stamens are free from each other), tetradynamous (4 inner long and 2 outer short), anther dithecous (anther having two lobes), basifixed (base of anther and top of filament is joined) or dorsifixed (filament is firmly fixed to back of the anther), introrse(anther facing inward)

GYNOECIUM- Carpels 2 (bicarpellary); syncarpous(carpels are fused laterally to form compound pistil); ovary superior ( gynoecium of hypogynous or perigynous flower) ; unilocular ( single chamber) but becomes bilocular( two chambers) later on due to the development of a false septum called replum; placentation parietal ( parietal arrangement of placenta bearing ovules in ovary)

FRUIT- Silliqua (many seeded) or sillicula (few seeded)

SEED- Small, exalbuminous (seeds with an endosperm) with curved embryo and two cotyledons.

DIAGNOSTIC CHARACTERS

1. Plants have pungent sulphur-smelling sap.
2. Leaves are lyrate.
3. Petals 4, with cruciform corolla.
4. Stamens tetradynamous.
5. Ovary unilocular but becomes bilosular due to development of falseseptum called reptum.
6. Placentation parietal.
7. Fruit silliqua or sillicula.

ECONOMICALLY IMPORTANT PLANTS

 

Scientific Name	Common Name
Brassica oleracea var. capitat	Cabbage ( vegetable )
Brassica oleracea var. botrytis	Cauliflower ( vegetable)
Brassica rapa	Turnip (Local name - salgam) (vegetable)
Brassica campetris	Mustard (Local name- tori) (oil)
Raphanus sativus	Radish (vegetable)
Iberis amara	Candytuft (ornamental plants)
Lepidium sativum	Garden cress (Local name- chamsoor) (medicinal)

 

 

Gymnosperm Botany Grade 11 ( Pinus )

 GYMNOSPERMS

General Characters:

Ø They are naked seeded plants i.e. they do not have fruits and seeds are open.

 

Ø They are found from tropical to temperate region.

 

Ø Plant body is sporophyte.

 

Ø The sporophyte plant body is differentiated into root, stem and leaves.

 

Ø Roots are tap roots.

 

Ø Stem is branched and usually two types of branches are present i.e. branch of unlimited growth called long shoots and branch of limited growth called dwarf shoot.

 

Ø Leaves may be of one kind i.e. monomorphic or two kinds i.e. dimorphic (one is green leaf and another is minute scale leaf).

 

Ø Plants has vascular tissues i.e. xylem and phloem.

 

Ø Xylem lacks vessels and phloem lacks companion cells (except Ephedra and Gnetum).

 

Ø Pollination is anemophily and direct.

 

Ø Endosperm is haploid.

 

Ø Double fertilization and triple fusion is absent.

 

Ø Polyembryony is common.

 

PINUS

   

 

Habit: Pinus is xerophytic monoecious plant.

 

Morphology: Plant body is sporophyte differentiated into root, stem and leaves.

 

Root: Root is tap root. Root has symbiotic relationship with fungi called mycorrhiza.

 

Stem: Stem is erect, branched and woody. Stem bears two types of branches i.e. long shoot (which arise from main stem and grows indefinitely) and dwarf shoot (which arise from long shoot and grows for a short time). Long shoot bears only scale leafs while dwarf shoot bears scale as well as foliage leaf.

 

Leaves: Pinus is dimorphic i.e. possess two types of leaves: scale leaves and foliage leaves. Scale leaves are thin, brown, flattened and minute structures which fall off with maturity of branches while foliage leaves are long, needle like and green. The dwarf shoot bearing foliage leaves is called spur.

 

Reproduction:

Pinus is monoecious and bears male and female cones on different branches of same plant. Male cone develops in cluster (15-140) on base of long shoot. They arise from axils of scale leaf and develops later than male cone. Female cones grow very slowly thus female cones of different ages may be seen in acropetal succession in the long shoot.

 

Male cone:

 

Each male cone is small and oval shaped. It arises in clusters from the axis of scale leaves on dwarf shoot. The male cone has a central axis on which 60-150 microsporophylls are spirally arranged around the axis. A single microsporophyll is a membranous stalked structure with a distal expanded roughly triangular sterile part called apophysis.

Each microsporophyll bears two sac-like microsporangia on the abaxial surface. A mature microsporangium consists of a multilayered wall, tapetum and microspore mother cells. Each microspore mother cell by meiotic division produces four microspores or pollen grains.

 

The pollen grains are boat-shaped with monosulcate apertures and are bounded by two concentric wall layers: the outer thick exine and the inner thin intine. The exine on the lateral sides of the pollen is expanded to form two wings (sacci). Pinus is wind-pollinated (anemophilous).

 

 

Female cones

 

They are produced in pairs or in clusters in the axil of the scale leaves. The female cones mature very slowly. The fully matured third year cone is much larger (15-60 cm in length), woody, loose and brown in colour. Here megasporophylls are separated from each other due to the elongation of the cone axis. The female cone is composed of a central axis on which 80-90 megasporophylls, axillary to bract scale/scale leaves, are arrange spirally.

 

The bract scale and ovuliferous scale thus form a seed-scale complex. A single megasporaphyll consists of two types

of scales:

 

(a) a large woody ovuliferous scale or seminiferous scale bearing two ovules on the adaxial surface, and

(b) a bract scale or cone scale on the abaxial surface.

 

Initially, the ovuliferous scale is much smaller than that of bract scale, but after pollination it becomes larger than the bract scale. The ovuliferous scale is a thick, large, woody, roughly triangular and brownish structure. Its upper thick exposed part is known as apophysis.

 

The ovules of Pinus are anatropous, unitegmic and crassinucellate. The single integument is free from the nucellus except at the chalazal end. There is a fairly broad micropylar tube which becomes inwardly curved during prepollination stages and becomes outwardly curved at the time of pollination.

 

Fertilization

The fertilization takes place after one year of pollination. One of the male nuclei fuses with the egg cell and thus a zygote is formed.

Grade-11 Classification of elements and periodicity in properties

 Classification of elements and periodicity in properties

 

Why do we need to classify elements?

Before the 19^th century only a few elements were known so they could be easily studied but with time many more elements were discovered and their compounds were prepared hands it was felt that these elements should be classified into a few groups to make their studies systematic and easier it is expected that a systematic classification will help us in organizing the knowledge and predicting new elements for undertaking further studies

Dobereiner’s triad

Dobereiner’s triad:  In 1829, a German scientist John Dobereiner classified certain elements in a Group of three called triad which had similar chemical properties. Dobereiner’s triad states that “when the elements in a triad were arranged in the order of increasing atomic mass is the atomic mass of the middle element was found to be approximately equal to the arithmetic mean of the other two elements.”

Limitations of Dobereiner’s Triad classification: Dobereiner’s method of classification could arrange only a limited number of elements the idea of trades could not be applied to all elements

Newlands law of octaves

In 1864 John Newlands an English chemist and a musician arranged the elements known at that time in order of increasing atomic mass which state that the properties of each element resembled those of the 8^th element before it and off the 8^th element following it in other words he found that the properties of the elements were repeated at every 8^th element like the death note of an octave in music Newlands called this as the law of octaves

The drawbacks of Newland's classification are he failed badly with dealing with heavier elements beyond calcium. The idea of octaves could not be held for noble gases.

Lothar Meyer's atomic volume curve

In 1869 a German chemist Julius Lothar Meyer plotted a graph of atomic volume versus the atomic mass of various elements he noticed that the elements with similar properties occupied similar positions on the curve for example lithium, sodium, potassium, rubidium, and cesium occupied the big position. It is the first classification of elements which had a definite pattern and periodicity in properties of elements

 

Mendeleev’s classification

The Russian chemist Dimitri Mendeleev arrange the elements in the increasing order of atomic mass. He observed that the elements with similar properties appeared at regular intervals the Mendeleev spirit law states that, “the properties of the elements are a periodic function of their atomic mass.”

In other words, according to this law when the elements are arranged in increasing order of their atomic masses the elements with similar properties are repeated at regular intervals

Mendeleev periodic table:

The elements were known at that time and are arranged in increasing order after atomic mass in a table known as the periodic table. Elements having similar properties were placed in vertical columns called groups and horizontal rows were called periods. When the order of increasing atomic mass was not rigidly followed then he left gaps in his periodic table and even predicted the properties of such elements.

For example, Mendeleev had predicted the properties of elements with an atomic mass of 72 which he named eka-silicon.

Modern Periodic Table

Modern Period Table was designed by Henry Moseley in 1913 A.D. Modern Periodic Table states that “the properties of the elements are the periodic function of their atomic number.”

In Modern Period table: The regular repetition in elements occurs due to periodicity in the outer electronic configuration of elements. Isotope does not need a separate position to the classification of an element based on the classification of elements. The left portion of the periodic table includes highly reactive metals, the right includes highly reactive non-metals and the middle-portion includes transition metals. Elements were divided into s, p, d, and f blocks.    

Grade-11 Paramecium (ZOOLOGY) || Binary Fission and Conjugation

 Paramecium

What is paramecium?

 Kingdom: Protista 

Phylum: Protozoa

Class: Ciliate

Genus: Paramecium •

Species: caudatum

 

The paramecium is an oval, slipper-shaped micro-organism rounded at the top/front and pointed at the back/bottom. The pellicle, a stiff but elastic membrane that gives the paramecium a definite shape but allows some small changes. Covering the pellicle are many tiny hairs, called cilia.

What are the different parts of paramecium?

Pellicle - a membrane covering that protects the paramecium like skin

Cilia - hair-like appendages that help the paramecium move food into the oral groove

Oral Groove - collects and directs food into the cell mouth

Cell Mouth - opening for food

Anal Pore - disposes of waste

Contractile Vacuole - contracts and forces extra water out of the cell

Radiating Canals - paths to the contractile vacuole

Cytoplasm - intercellular fluid needed to contain vital cell parts

Trichocyst - used for defense

Gullet - forms food vacuoles

Food Vacuole - storage pocket for food

Macronucleus - larger nucleus which performs normal cell functions

Micronucleus - smaller nucleus which is responsible for cell division.

Paramecium performs both sexual and asexual reproduction

List the Various processes of reproduction that occur in paramecium.

1. Binary fission - Asexual reproduction

2. Conjugation - Sexual reproduction by cross-fertilization

3. Autogamy - Sexual reproduction by self-fertilization

4. Endomixis - *Nuclear organization and multiplication *Degeneration of old macronucleus and formation of new by fusion of micronuclei

 

Describe binary fission in paramecium.

1. BINARY FISSION (Asexual Reproduction)

A common method of reproduction

. Occurs transverse at the right angle to the longitudinal axis of the body

. Stops feeding before division and oral groove disappears

 

Macronucleus divides by amitosis and micronucleus divides by mitosis then they move towards the opposite end

At the same time, the constriction develops at the middle part of the body which divides cytoplasm into two equal parts

A fully grown Paramecium is thus divided into two daughter individuals

 

. Daughter from the anterior end is called protor and from the posterior end is called opisthe

. They are of equal size and have a complete set of cell organelles

. Oral groove and cytopharynx are newly formed in both the daughters

. One contractile vacuole goes to protor and another to opisthe.

. The other two contractile vacuoles are newly formed.

. The whole process is completed within 2 hours and may occur one to four times a day.

 

CONJUGATION (A form of sexual reproduction)

Continuous multiplication by binary fission is interrupted by conjugation as it is necessary for the survival and rejuvenation of the race.

Unfavorable conditions like some degree of starvation, shortage of food, a particular bacterial food, a certain range of light and temperature, and certain chemicals induce conjugation.

Definition: Temporary union of two individuals of the same species for mutual exchange of genetic materials is called conjugation.

Steps:

                                 

. The two Paramecium of opposite mating types come in contact by their ventral surface during swimming

. They stick together through their oral groove region

. Cilia, Trichocysts, and feeding apparatus degenerate

. Pellicle and ectoplasm degenerate at the point of contact and a cytoplasmic bridge/conjugation bridge is formed

. United paramecia are now conjugants

Changes in Macronucleus

The macronucleus breaks up into fragments and these are later absorbed into the cytoplasm.

Changes in micronucleus:

. The micronucleus in each conjugant grows in size and then divides by meiosis to produce four micronuclei

. Out of these four micronuclei, three degenerate and disappear

. The remaining micronucleus divides by mitosis to form two unequal gamete nuclei

. The smaller gamete nuclei are active in migratory in nature and are called migratory gamete nucleus

. The larger gamete is passive and stationary in nature and is called the stationary gamete nucleus

. The migratory gamete nucleus of one conjugant passes through the protoplasmic bridge into

another conjugant and fuses with its stationary gamete nucleus.

. This fusion results in the formation of a single diploid zygote nucleus (synkaryon) and this

process are called *amphimixis.

(*The process of complete fusion of two nuclei from two different individuals to form a zygote

the nucleus is called amphimixis.)

After the formation of the zygote nucleus, the attached conjugants separate and now they are

called ex-conjugants.

. The zygote nucleus in each ex-conjugants divides thrice by mitosis forming eight nuclei

. Out of eight nuclei, four grow in size to become macronuclei and the rest four small nuclei are called micronuclei

. Then three micronuclei degenerate and disappear.

. The remaining one micronucleus divides mitotically into two

. The ex-conjugants also divide into two daughter paramecia

. Now each daughter paramecia have 2 macronuclei and I micronucleus

. Micronucleus divides mitotically with the division of the cytoplasm

. This resulted in four daughter paramecia each with one macronucleus and one micronucleus.

. In this way, 8 paramecia are produced as a result of conjugation four from each conjugant

Debate on motion, " Is Climate change the greatest threat faced by humanity today?"

 Is Climate change the greatest threat faced by humanity today?

 

Without further a due, are you wearing a mask and sanitizing your hands because of global warming or climate change? To this date has climate change ever forced you to be imprisoned in your room, also known as lockdown. Are Syria, Iraq, Yemen doing wars because of Global warming and climate change?

Are people engaging in social problems like conflict, murder, extortion, rape, kidnapping, and various homicide due to climate changes?

Climate change is a way of doing scams. The organizations are fooling people, deceiving them, and making billions of money. Globalists and socialists are using the fear created by this scam to convince the innocent public to accept their extraordinarily expensive, and extremely dangerous, and harmful changes to global economic, political, and energy policies. These modern socialists and globalists blame highly productive capitalism for their fabricated catastrophic global warming.

For your kind information, climate change has been around since the planet has had its climate. Climate is maintained primarily by the sun, atmosphere and secondarily by geological actions. We humans have almost nothing to do with it. From the beginning of civilization, we humans are adapting according to climate. We cannot control climate; we cannot change it but we should learn to adapt according to it.

If you have noticed, then you will find that even the classification in races of humans is caused by the difference of climate they are residing in. The Arabians have adapted to live in a desert climate, Primate Islander in Island, Alaskan in cold and tundra climate. If the climate could be changed, we super-intelligent humans could have made moderate climate all over the world, isn’t it?

Was the ice age caused by humans? Of course not, and was the ice age ended human? The answer is again no. Then how can you claim that Climate change is the greatest threat to humanity?

If the climate is changed again then it will be the next exam or test for adaptation.

Then what is the greatest threat to humanity?

Yes, you are truly a pandemic like Covid-19 which has killed over 4.55 million people in less than 2 years. Well, In 1918 above 50 million people died due to the influenza pandemic, not due to climate change.

The most destructive world wars challenged the existence of whole humanity killing 75 million people.

In the case of climate change, this planet is doing very well. When snow and glaciers are increased then we call it a natural process but when the time comes to melt the same glaciers then we got afraid by calling it global warming. It that so then the problems of global warming, the climate is not just for humanity it’s for the whole living kind.

The threat to humanity is terrorism, conflicts, cyber-attack. Venezuela has a crime rate index of 84.36, the highest of any country in the world. Just over 400,000 people died from homicide in 2017. South Africa has the highest rate of rape in the world with 132.4 incidents per 100,000 people. Between 2019 and 2020 ransomware attacks rose by 62% worldwide and by 158% in North America alone. The frequency of cyberattacks is set to rise to 11 seconds in 2021. The cyber-attack is causing system hacking, stealing of privacy, business loss, leaking stolen sensitive data, and so on.

You may like:

Other debate ( DEBATE SERIES)

1. Debate on the topic, " Is it necessary to be highly competitive in order to succeed?"

2. Debate on the topic, " Politics should be kept out of school. "

3. Debate on motion, " Is Climate change the greatest threat faced by humanity today?"

Feel free to comment and share your ideas.

Debate on the topic, " Politics should be kept out of school. "

 POLITICS SHOULD BE KEPT OUT OF SCHOOL.

 

 I am strongly in the favor of the statement, "Politics should be kept out of school."

I want to remind you that politics is a dirty game. Here we are talking about political ethics which is far beyond political science. Being completely man-made subject matter it is easily manipulated. And in school, why do students need to understand governance, power, corruption, votes, and strikes. Even they cannot use it in their daily life. They have not got the right to vote. Then where will they use these kinds of stuff in daily life?

Isn't it better to focus on compulsory subject matters which we can use?

Politics is an ideology based not a problem-based phenomenon. The political solution to a problem is as bad as their solution. Politics truly mean biases and inequality. Do we want impartiality in school?

Politics should be kept out of the school in terms of teaching. Biased teaching opting to suggest any political form, party, or candidate is inappropriate.

 Politics encourage nepotism and favoritism. The capable individual is not provided a chance only the person who is spotlighted is mostly offered any opportunity. There gives a rise in unhealthy competition between individuals to show who is better. They engage in back pulling others.

Everybody wants to be powerful and dominate others. Hence it's not amazing to find some sort of politics in our school and college management too.

To seem good among college management and principle, some teachers may complain about mistakes of other staff/faculty members. This is also one of the political ethics. were you aware of that?

Similarly, not only among teachers there is politics in the students union, group, and so on. Of course, favoritism where capable one is not given chance.

Students must be encouraged to use their potentiality or power focusing on study and career not to carry flags of the political party and get injured by selfish leaders. The motto of every political leader is, "If I will get nominated I will not run and if I get elected I will not serve." So our students must not stain their hands with this filthy politics.

I am sure you are aware of the fact why students go to protest or strike in countries like India and Nepal because politicians know how to lure students. After politicians lure them by claiming to improve their condition, free education, special seats, and favor for students they easily agree to be political staff. After that they leave their classes to carry flags, posters and banners then start shouting hail Maoist or hail congress.

My question is why do we need politics? Why do poor needs to work hard, rich needs to exploit the poor, police need to protect those rich, the taxpayer need to pay tax, the lawyer needs to mislead case and politician are always good and bindaas at their own,

We need to teach students about physics, economic growth, the importance of moral values, and Sanskar not politics from an early age.

Political parties often come to campus, government school influences students, misuse educational budget and funds, involved in corruption, full fill own selfishness, causes domination, and keep going. These politicians use students for political party benefits.

Now you may argue that politics teach us about voting and good governance then my logic is if students don't have the right to vote at school age or have no involvement in politics in the current scenario then should their brain be washed from a young age. I have seen some teachers politically involved were plagiarising about their preferred political party creating bias and encouraging students to follow leaders.

In school, there won't be a fair choice of election and appointment system, Politics will rule over the system.

You may like:

Other debate ( DEBATE SERIES)

1. Debate on the topic, " Is it necessary to be highly competitive in order to succeed?"

2. Debate on the topic, " Politics should be kept out of school. "

3. Debate on motion, " Is Climate change the greatest threat faced by humanity today?"

Feel free to comment and share your ideas.

Debate on the topic, " Is it necessary to be highly competitive in order to succeed?"

 Is it necessary to be highly competitive to succeed?

 

I am strongly in favor of the statement, “It is not necessary to be highly competitive to succeed.”

The definition of success is dynamic which differs from person to person but the definition of competition is quite clear which means to win.

And it’s also true everyone cannot be won, isn’t it?

It’s not difficult to be powerful it’s difficult to remain powerful all the time.

The patient who wants to be healthy, a student who wants to improve his grade, employee who wants promotion all have a different meaning for success.

Success manifest in being less stressed, less worried, and more peaceful and happy. But competition gives us distress we become worried about the result before going to the field, we can’t stay happy at that time.

When you focus too much on the competition and how your friend or classmate is doing. Preparing for a simple exam can become too stressful for you and you end up not studying and losing that finally lowers your self-esteem and confidence.

But my friend,

Success is continuous growth where you celebrate small victories and for that, I don’t think we need to be extremely competitive.

Being a highly competitive personality will make you find obstacles, challenges, and competitions and you begin to participate in every competition and get stuck there.

A highly competitive personality is often labeled as self-absorbed and not being flexible.

Our society, family and often schools indeed relate competition with success and you to start to become highly competitive with one and only objective to win all your friends.

You start to multiply effort, create more pressure in the brain, filled with anxiety, and at last, you get yourself ruined. In case you become 1^st by doing all this stuff then what will be the benefit.

Well let me tell you:

You will again start to prepare for the next competitive exam, not make any friends, continue the stress in the brain, grow old and end up your life competing with others.

Instead of that if you were improving yourself daily, learning from your mistakes, and progressing then you’d have done a lot in a short period.

If you were focused on a single objective and head towards removing all the obstacles, then I will guarantee you would have reached your destination.

At last, I will like to sum up by telling that it’s not necessary to be intensely competitive to achieve your definition of success.

 Thank you!

You may like:

Other debate ( DEBATE SERIES)

1. Debate on the topic, " Is it necessary to be highly competitive in order to succeed?"

2. Debate on the topic, " Politics should be kept out of school. "

3. Debate on motion, " Is Climate change the greatest threat faced by humanity today?"

Feel free to comment and share your ideas.