Thursday, 22 July 2021

Essay on '' My Best Friend '' and " My Daily Life"

My best friend

A friend in need is a friend indeed. I have many friends in my life and all of them are good and real friends. Our friends can have similar interests and opinions to us. It's much usual to have friends with similar ideas and interests. Good friends are always honest, helpful, sincere, and faithful. Among my good friends, Prashant Karki is my best friend. Prashant Karki whose interests opinions, habits, and good manners have influenced me very much is one of my classmates.

Mr. Karki's physical appearance has also attracted me. His height is about five feet and six inches. He is slim and healthy. His golden hair, blue eyes, fair complexion, and friendly manners lure everyone. He always wears simple dresses at his school. He always appears in the specified uniform. His dress style is very simple. He plays chess, football, and table tennis. He is fun of playing volleyball. He likes Nepali food very much. He's not fond of having fast foods and modern drinks.

He's very good at mathematics and English. He can compose very good poems as he loves literature. Now it's cool, we students have been divided into four houses. The name of our house is Sagarmatha. He's our house leader. He can speak very attractively and expressively. He often takes part in school activities mainly sports. He always gets a good position in the oratory competition and the debate competition as well. He is hardworking and punctual. He is never delayed to reach the school.

He never angers us as he's simple-minded. But he sometimes gets cheated by cunning and butchery fellows. He is most popular among the students and teachers for his kind nature good manners, politeness, generosity, and love of hard work. He's not so humorous to crack jokes. He respects all his seniors and loves juniors. Because of his noble and intelligent behavior, he's very popular among girls.

He is always willing to share his sorrows and joys with us. He seems to be completely sociable and cooperative. He is highly interested in reading novels and dramas. He is fond of collecting old and historical coins. Till now he has collected twenty different types of coins. He likes to entertain people. Collecting coins and keeping dogs are his hobbies. His ambition in the future is very simple and noble. He wants to be a teacher in a remote place. He prefers living in rural areas to urban areas. He seems to be a little bit sentimental. He loves honest people very much.

He always follows the notion of the aphorism simple living high thinking. Although he does possess more positive attributes we can indicate some of his weaknesses: though he is talented and gifted he is not strongly determined to compete with his friends. He's simply found to have been victimized by his inferiority complex and lack of self-confidence I do realize that I'm fortunate to get such a noble fellow as my best friend in my life. I wish I were him.

Thank you!!

Essay:2

My Daily Life

Everyone spends daily life involving in different activities. As I am one of the school students, my daily life is very simple and common. My daily life is controlled by the daily routine I have prepared. I feel that most of the school students' daily life will be similar to that of mine.

I always get up at 5:00 early in the morning. I spend half an hour for washing or bathing. As I believe in God, I always go to the temple to be blessed. For it, I spend half an hour. Some of my friends tease telling me a theist. As I go to the temple for my morning prayer, I can have a very good and fresh morning walk. After the morning walk and prayer, I feel energetic, fresh, and creative. Unless I do it, I feel weak and bored. At 6:00 a.m., I enjoy a cup of milk and some bread as breakfast. At a quarter past six, I usually start doing my revision. I often complete it within 8 a.m. Then I read my upcoming lessons for an hour At 9;00 a.m. I always take my lunch and get prepared for school at 9:05. I always reach school at half-past nine.

Our class begins at ten. We have eight periods to study different subjects. My first period begins with English. After the fourth period, we have a thirty-minute break for tiffin. At four. our school gets over, Immediately, I leave for home, I get myself cleaned. Then I go to our public playground to entertain playing some games. Especially, I am fond of playing football. I generally play it for an hour. Normally we stop playing at 5:45 p.m. Then I go back home at 6:00 pm. After 6:15, I start doing my homework. I always have my dinner at 9;00 am. After dinner, I spend half an hour having a rest. Then, I revise some lessons for an hour, I generally go to bed at 10:00 pm.

On Saturdays and other holidays, I follow different program schedules. On these days, I read newspapers, magazines, storybooks, and other materials which would be boastful to achieve knowledge. During long holidays, I sometimes go on a trekking with my parents or friends for a few days. It is because I believe that traveling functions as one of the best ways of cultivating our minds through different seeds of knowledge and insights. Similarly, we get adequate pleasure by vising different places. Pleasure makes us happy and happiness makes us healthy. If we are healthy we do our job properly on time. Therefore I am willing to visit some places in addition to the chores of daily life.

Although I completely enjoy my daily life, I feel bored when I am not well enough to study. Very, rarely do I feel I am being the slave and victim of time. I do feel that time-table for our daily life certainly leads us to success and prosperous life.

Thursday, 15 July 2021

Advance Level Grammar Chapter Articles ( A, An and The)

Articles Introduction

Articles are members of the larger class of pronomial modifiers. They are generally recognized as one of the most difficult and intractable problems that learners have with English grammar. The adjectives 'a', 'an', and 'the' are usually called articles.

There are basically two types of articles in English: definite (the) and indefinite (a/an). The circumstances in which a noun is not preceded by an article are called zero articles.

Definite article :

The form 'The' is known as the definite article. It is used to point out some particular person or thing. It is usually used with a singular countable noun.

eg. The earth is round. The boy with a red cap is my brother, etc.

Note: When we use the definite article 'the' we presume that both we and the hearer know what is being talked about. The use of definite article is used before a noun that has become definite as a result of being mentioned a second time.

We use articles:

1. When we expect the reader to be able to identify the thing or person referred to we can use the article with plural, singular, or uncountable nouns.

2. When a phrase identifies the particular thing that is being talked about:

For eg: the ecology of the hill environment, the climate in this zone, etc

3. We use the article when we talk about uncommon things

For eg: in one part of the nation, the future, the main point,

Some 'unique' nouns can be used with a/an when we describe a type or aspect of a thing.

We use a/an:

We use 'a' before nouns and noun phrases that begin with a consonant sound.

If the noun or noun phrase starts with a vowel letter but begins with a consonant sound, we use a;

a university a European a one-parent family

We use 'an' before the words that begin with a vowel sound, including the silent letter 'h'.

an orange an Italian an umbrella an hour an honor

abbreviations said as individual letters that begin with A, E, F, H, I, L, M, N, O, R, S OR X;

an MP an FBI agent an IOU

But compare abbreviations said as words;

a NATO general a FIFA official but an OPEC meeting

Use of 'a'

(i) Before a countable noun beginning with a consonant sound:

a bag, a girl, a hat, a pilot, a hotel, a book, a house

(ii) In most of the cases 'I ' and 'us' are pronounced as a consonant:

a eucalyptus, a one rupee note, a one-way ticket a university girl, a union, a user, a unit, a useless car, a utensil,, a useful article, a European, a unicorn

(iii) Abbreviation whose the first letter has a consonant sound: a BA, a TOEFL score

1. When a singular countable noun is written for the first time. That is not mentioned before.

2. To describe someone or say what type of thing something is:

3. To say what a person's job is:

Do you think that as a doctor, you'd be able to do this operation?

Note: We use the or no article to give a person's title.

She's the CEO of a project here. or She's head of a project there.

4. We use number and quantity expressions:

a month, half an hour, two times a year, etc.

Use of 'an'

(i) Before a countable noun beginning with a vowel sound: an egg, an uncle, an elephant, an orange, an untidy girl, an insect

(ii) In most of the cases 'h' is pronounced as a vowel: an hour, an heiress, an honest man, an heirloom, an heir, an honorable man

(iii) Abbreviation whose first letter has vowel sound: an SOS message, and MBS an LLB

Use 'the':

1. Before celestial body: the Earth, the sky, the universe, the Moon, a lump of sugar, a pinch of salt, the Sun

Note: except for the earth, no article is used for other planets.

2. When a noun is repeated the second time: I saw a dog. The dog was shabby.

He bought a cake. The cake was stale.

3. Before superlative degrees: the best. , the worst, the highest the most, the least

4. Before ordinal numbers: the first, the second, the third, the forth

5. Before names of musical instruments:, the drum, the piano, the guitar, the key-board

6. Before names of rivers, seas, and oceans: the Nile, the Narayani, the Thames the Bagmati, the Red sea, the Dead sea

7. Before names of groups of islands and Gulf: the British Isles, the Isle of Man, the Laccadive Islands, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Guinea

8. Before names of mountain ranges: the Mahabharat range, the Himalayas, the Alps, the Rockies, the Andes

9. Before plural names of countries: the United States the Philippines, the UK, the USSR, the UAB

10. Before names of canals and peninsulas: the Suez canal, the Gandak canal, the Panama canal, the Iberian Peninsula,

11. Before names of deserts, the Sahara, the Gobi, the Thar

12. Before names of newspapers: the Times, Rising Nepal, the Gorkhapatra, the Kantipur, the Washington Post

13. Post Before a period of decades: the twenties, the fifties, the sixties

14. Before names of directions and poles and Geographical area: the west the east, The North Pole, the South Pole, the Middle East

15. Before names of the periods of history and historic events: the Modern Age the Victorian Age, the Renaissance, the Martyrs Day, the Independence Day

16. Before family names and castes: the Dakotas, the Limbus the Rais, the Bramins, the Smiths

17. Before names of religious books: the Ramayan, the Bible, the Kuran

18. Before names of political parties: the CPN-UML, the Conservative, the Republican, the Nepali Congress, the Communist

19. Before names of nationalities' adjectives: the Chinese, the Japanese, the English

20. Before a noun modified by a 'phrase' or 'clause': The man in jeans seems to be rich. The water in this glass is fresh. The girl who stood first is my daughter.

21. Before a singular noun that represents a particular class: The donkey is stupid. (All the donkey) The tiger eats meat. (All the tiger) The wild elephant is in danger of extinction (All the wild elephants)

22. Before special meals: the farewell party, the wedding party, the birthday party

Note: But not before ordinary meals: dinner a lunch, supper a breakfast

23. Before daybreaks: in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening.

Note: But not before noon-midnight dawn night

We use no article

1. With uncountable and plural nouns when we talk generally about people or things rather than about specific people or things:

2. With some singular nouns referring to institutions. (e.g. school, college, hospital, prison, university, work)

3. When we talk about them generally. Compare after you've left college and the course here at the college

4. With most countries: Brazil, Switzerland, Norway but the Netherlands, the USA, the UK, the Philippines, the Gambia

5. With the names of months and days of the week: in June, on Monday; special times of the year: during Ramadan, at Easter; (or the) with seasons: like to go skiing in winter or... in the winter. However, we generally

6. We use the to talk about a particular month, day, etc. I'm going to Nepal in the summer (= next summer)

7. We use 'the' with meals when we talk about the next one What's for dinner?; a recent one What did you have for breakfast; or a meal in general.

8. About a particular meal or particular meals: We had an early dinner, The breakfast in the hotel is great.

Wednesday, 7 July 2021

All the Grammatical Terms you should be aware of.

Grammatical terms

Introduction

Grammatical terms are called metalinguistic terms. They are used to describe language that always provides a context for talking about grammar and conceptualization of grammatical knowledge.

Constituent Structure

Constituent structure encodes linear order, hierarchical groupings, and syntactic categories of constituents and is the input to the phonological component of the grammar. The constituent structure is nothing but the LFG phrase structure rule.

A constituent structure can be very be presented using brackets or tree diagrams. A grammar that analysis sentences wholly in terms of HIERARCHY of structure layers is sometimes called a constituent structure grammar.

Phrases

A phrase consists of a head element plus any other required or optional elements that appear alongside the head element. Lyons (1968:171) says,".... any group of words which is grammatically equivalent to a single word and which does not have its own subject and predicate is a phrase; The head element determines which other elements can appear with it.

Noun Phrase

A noun phrase normally has a noun as its head element.

Verb phrase

A head element of this verb phrase is the verb. The verb is followed by a noun phrase which functions as the direct object of the verb. Like noun and verb phrases, an adjective phrase can function both as a constituent of a sentence and that of other phrases. As a constituent of a sentence, an adjective phrase releases the function of complement.

Some of the examples are: He is very intelligent. (Subject attribute)

We found him very intelligent. (Object attribute)

He was extremely sad to hear the news. (Subject attributes)

Noun phrases

Nouns

The head of a noun phrase is normally a noun. The noun refers to people places and things. The noun in English is usually classified as common or proper. Common nouns refer to the general names of people, places, and things and are divided into two classes:

1. Count nouns 2. Non-count nouns.

Count nouns can be made plural while noncount nouns do not have a plural form. In some languages the equivalents of many English non-count nouns are countable. Speakers of these languages are likely to produce errors as in (a)* The police will need a lot of additional evidence.

Collective nouns are made up of a small group of count nouns in English that refer to a collection or group of individual parts or members. Unlike other nouns, collective nouns in their singular forms may be followed by a singular or plural verb so both would be considered grammatical.

a. The faculty is meeting next week.

b. The faculty are meeting next week.

Proper nouns are the names of specific people places and things that can either be singular or plural and they are usually capitalized. The table below shows the basic noun types and pronouns. The head element of a noun phrase may also be a pronoun. A word that refers to a noun that has been previously mentioned. The pronoun she refers back to the noun phrase a woman in the previous sentence.

a. A woman got out of the car was were wearing a blacktop.

Gerunds

A gerund is a present participle that can function as the head of a noun phrase. A gerund can appear alone in a noun phrase. A gerund can appear in an NP, as in (a), or an NP can include more constituents such as the neighbors,

a. {Swimming} is a great form of exercise.

b. {Inviting the neighbors} was a big mistake.

We can tell that swimming and inviting the neighbor's function as NP's because we can substitute another NP (with a head noun) for each of them.

Prenomial Modifiers

Prenomial modifiers are words that precede a head noun in a noun phrase. The most common prenominal modifiers fall into categories: determiners and adjectives. Each of these categories is discussed below briefly:

Determiners

Determiners indicate important characteristics about head nouns such as definiteness, indefiniteness, possession, or quantity. There are thus, several types of determiners:

articles (definite and indefinite), demonstrative determiners (this, these, those, that) numbers(cardinal and ordinal), possessive determiners

Sunday, 4 July 2021

Advanced Level Grammar for all Grades

Introduction

English Grammar

Grammar may be defined as the description of how words or bits of words are manipulated and combined to make larger units such as phrases, clauses, and sentences. At the risk of oversimplification, grammar is the set of rules that describes how words and groups of words can be arranged to form sentences in a particular language. This is the definition of grammar that is, perhaps most useful for teachers, and it is the definition that will be used in this blog. The grammar of English consists of all the rules that govern the formation of English sentences, and this is precisely what learners of English want to know. Grammar can operate on three different levels:

1. The sub-sentential level or morphological level

2. The sentential or syntactic level

3. The supra-sentential or discourse level.

The subsentential level sheds light on the structure of words along with their different affixes. The sentential level gives the picture of the structure of sentences, word order, and transformation. These two levels were the subject matter of the study of traditional grammar. But modern grammar focuses on the discourse too. Cohesion, coherence, tense-aspect, and modality in discourse level, etc. are the subject matter of the supra-sentential level of grammar.

GRAMMAR RULES IN ENGLISH

Many of the grammar rules in this blog move words or groups of words around to create different sentence patterns. They also delete certain words. One example of a grammar rule is dative movement. Which changes the position of the indirect object, the dative, in a sentence. When applied this rule creates the new sentence pattern shown, in which the positions of the DO and the IO are reversed. For example,

(a) Alan sent [a long e-mail message] to [Susan].

(b) Alan sent [Susan] [a long e-mail message] .

The dative movement rule does two things it the indirect object to a position before the direct object, and it simultaneously deletes the preposition to.

(c)

Alan sent Susan a long e-mail message.

The dative movement rule is simply a way of stating a relationship between two linear orders or patterns of words that can occur in English. This rule applies only to sentences with verbs such as to send, throw, give, and lend, and not to sentences with verbs such as correct, mention, and report.

FACTORS AFFECTING GRAMMATICAL CHOICES

Speakers who have successfully internalized the rules of a language and their constraints are said to have grammatical competence. This means that they can use the rules of the language automatically to produce grammatical sentences. It also means that they can make accurate judgments regarding the grammaticality of the sentences they hear and read.

Gaining this kind of competence may well be the most important goal in learning a second language. Nevertheless. the achievement of grammatical competence does not guarantee that a language learner will be able to communicate effectively and appropriately in every context. This is because several other factors, besides grammaticality, influence the choices that speakers and writers need to make about which grammatical form or structure to use in a given situation. Teachers of English need to understand these factors so that they can help their students know when and where it is most appropriate to use the grammatical forms and structures they are learning.

Sociolinguistic Factors

Sociolinguistic factors refer to things like the setting in which a language. The location, the relationship between the participants, and the medium of communication (For example, spoken or written language) can affect the choice of grammatical forms and lexical items (vocab, lary). Different registers (i.e., styles of English) are used depending on the setting in which the speaker or writer is attempting to communicate.

Language Change and Usage

The grammar of a language changes over time. The changes, which often stretch over hundreds of years, are rarely noticed by anyone except linguists; however, some changes can be more generally noticed, and therefore can have consequences for teachers.

Information-Structuring Principles

There are certain principles that native speakers follow to allow them to interpret and produce sentences that are appropriate within the context of a larger discourse. An example of one of these information-structuring principles is the given-new contract; which states that in each new sentence that a native speaker of English says or writes, given new information. This principle can affect a native speaker's choice of grammatical patterns.