Vector and It's application All Notes

 Grade 11 Vector and It's Appliactions

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Trinity Model Sets solution of Physics

 Grade 11 Board Examination

Physics all sets solution in pdf form

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1. Physics Set-A : Set-A

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3. Physics Set-C: Set-C

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5. Physics Set-E: Set-E

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Grade 11 Numericals

1. Numericals 1

2. Numericals 2

Grade 11 Biology Botany CELL DIVISION

 CELL DIVISION

CELL DIVISION:

The process of formation of more than one daughter cells from pre-existing cells is known as Cell

division.

CELL CYCLE:

The total changes that occurs between one cell division to other cell division is known as cell cycle.

Period of cell cycle vary in different cells. E.g. Bacterial cell cycle is of 20 minutes, epithelial cell has 8-10

minutes, etc. Cell cycle is divided into following phases

i) Interphase: It is the longest phase of cell cycle and physiologically most active stage. All

necessary materials are synthesized in this phase so is also called as Preparatory phase. It is

divided into 3 sub-phases:

a) Gap one (G1) phase: In this phase following changes occurs:

➢ Cell size increases

➢ Carbohydrates, lipids and proteins except histone and spindle fibre proteins are

synthesized.

➢ RNAs are formed.

b) Synthetic (S) phase: In this phase following changes occurs:

➢ DNA replicates.

➢ Histone protein is formed.

➢ Each chromosome has two chromatids joined by centromere.

c) Gap two (G2) phase: In this phase following changes occurs:

➢ Cell organelles replicates

➢ Protein for spindle fiber are synthesized.

➢ Cell stores energy.

ii) Mitotic phase: It is the final phase of cell cycle which consists of two sub-phases i.e.

Karyokinesis (division of nucleus) and Cytokinesis (division of cytoplasm). Karyokinesis

completes in four phases i.e. Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and Telophase. Cytokinesis

occurs by cell plate method in Plant cells while it occurs via cell furrow method in Animal

cells.

METHODS OF CELL DIVISION:

Cell division occurs by three ways i.e. amitosis, mitosis and meiosis.

I) AMITOSIS:

It is a type of cell division in which a cell divides directly without differentiation of

chromosomes and spindle fibres. It is the process of cellular division which majorly takes in

the lower organisms like bacteria. This type of cellular division is a primitive type of divisionin which the nucleus of the cell divides unequally and then the cytoplasm divides. That is,

the karyokinesis is followed by cytokinesis.

II) MITOSIS (EQUATIONAL CELL DIVISION):

It is a type of cell division in which a mother cell divides into two daughter cells having equal

number of chromosomes to that in mother cell. This type of cell division occurs in somatic

cells of organisms so is also known as Somatic cell division. Mitosis cell division completes in

following 3 stages:

1. Interphase:

During interphase cell prepares itself for upcoming division by

synthesizing all required materials such as biomolecules,

duplicating DNAs, RNAs and other cell organelles.

2. Karyokinesis:

The nuclear division completes in four sub-phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase and

Telophase.

a) Prophase:

It is the first and longest phase of karyokinesis and following

changes occurs during prophase:

➢ Shortening and thickening of chromosome.

➢ Each chromosome appears in rod shape with two

chromatids.

➢ Dissapearnace of nucleus and nucleolus.

➢ Start of formation of spindle fibre.b) Metaphase:

It is the second phase of karyokinesis and following changes

occurs during Metaphase:

➢ Formation of spindle fibre completes.

➢ All chromosomes arranges at equatorial plane and

centromere attaches to spindle fibre with help of

tractile fibril.

➢ Chromosomes lie so close that an apparent plate i.e.

Metaphasic plate is formed.

c) Anaphase:

It is the third phase of karyokinesis and following changes

occurs during Anaphase:

➢ Centromere of each chromosome divides so that each

sister chromatids becomes chromosome.

➢ Chromosomes moves toward opposite poles due to

contraction of spindle fibre. They take ‘U’, ‘V’, ‘L’, ‘J’,

and ‘I’ shapes during movement.

➢ At the end of anaphase, two groups of chromosomes

are formed in two poles.

d) Telophase:

It is the last phase of Karyokinesis and following changes occurs

during Telophase:

➢ The nuclear membrane and nucleolus re-appears.

➢ Two groups of chromosomes are organized into two

nuclei.

➢ The chromosome elongates and forms chromatin.

3. CYTOKINESIS:

It is the division of cytoplasm to form two daughter cells. Cell organelles are

distributed during cytokinesis. It takes place by cell plate method in plant cells

while in animal cell it occurs by cell furrow method.SIGNIFICANCES OF MITOSIS

➢ Mitosis is responsible for growth and development of multicellular organisms.

➢ It is a means of multiplication in unicellular organisms.

➢ It replaces old and worn out cells.

➢ Regeneration of lost part is due to mitosis cell division.

➢ Would or injury is healed by repeated mitosis cell division.

➢ It produces genetically identical cells.

III) MEIOSIS (REDUCTIONAL DIVISION):

It is a type of cell division in which a diploid mother cell divides into 4 haploid daughter cells having half

number of chromosomes as that in mother cell. This type of cell division occurs in reproductive cells at

the time of gamete formation. Meiosis cell division completes in following 3 stages:

1. Interphase:

During interphase cell prepares itself for upcoming division by

synthesizing all required materials such as biomolecules,

duplicating DNAs, RNAs and other cell organelles.

2. Karyokinesis:

In meiosis, nucleus divides twice and first nuclear division is Meiosis I while second is Meiosis II.

a) Meiosis I

This is the first nuclear division of meiosis. It is reductional division in which homologous

chromosomes are separated into two nuclei. Meiosis I completes in four phases:

I) PROPHASE I

It is complicated and longest phage of Karyokinesis. It is further divided into five

subphases-Leptotene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene and Diakinesis.

i) Leptotene: Following changes occurs during Leptotene:

➢ Size of nucleus increases.

➢ Shortening and thickening of chromosome.

➢ Chromosome appears in single chromatid form.

ii) Zygotene: Following changes occurs during Zygotene.

➢ Homologous chromosomes pairs up by process called Synapsis.

➢ Bivalents (paired homologous chromosome) is formed.

➢ Shortening and thickening of chromosomePachytene: Following changes occurs during Pachytene

➢ Nucleoprotein between sister chromatid dissolves and Chromosome

appears in two chromatid form (i.e. Tetrad formation).

➢ Non-sister chromatid overlap or coil each other.

➢ Crossing over takes place (i.e. exchange of short segment of

chromatid).

iv) Diplotene: Following changes occurs during Diplotene:

➢ Non-sister chromatids starts separating.

➢ They separate except in region of chaismata.

➢ Nuclear membrane and nucleolus start disappearing.

v) Diakinesis: Following changes occurs during Diakinesis:

➢ Chaismata moves towards ends of chromosome due to condensation

of chromosome (Terminalisation).

➢ Nuclear membrane and nucleolus completely disappear.

➢ Spindle fibre starts appearing.

II) METAPHASE I:

Following changes occurs during Metaphase I.

➢ Formation of spindle fibre is completed.

➢ Bivalents arrange themselves in equator in two planes forming two

metaphasic plates.

➢ Centromere attaches with spindle fibre.

III) ANAPHASE I: Following changes occurs during Anaphase I.

➢ Homologous chromosome separate from one another and pass to opposite

poles.

➢ Centromeres of chromosomes do not break so each chromosomes bears Ptwo

chromatids and are called Dyads.

➢ At end of anaphase I two haploid group of chromosomes are formed.

IV) TELOPHASE I: Following changes occurs during Telophase I.

➢ Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappear.

➢ Spindle fibre disappear.

➢ Chromosomes elongates and and are organized into two haploid nuclei.

➢ In some cases Telophase I is absent.Meiosis II: In meiosis II number of chromosome remains same as after meiosis I. It is similar

to mitosis so is also called Meiotic Mitosis or homotypic division. It is divided into Prophase

II, Metaphase II, Anaphase II and Telophase II.

I) PROPHASE II:

➢ Shortening and thickening of dyad chromosomes.

➢ Disappearance of nuclear membrane and nucleolus.

➢ Spindle fibre starts to appear.

II) METAPHASE II:

➢ Spindle fibre is completely formed.

➢ Dyad chromosomes arrange themselves in equatorial plane.

➢ Centromere attaches with spindle fibres.

III) ANAPHASE II:

➢ Centromere of dyad chromosomes break so sister chromatids becomes

chromosomes.

➢ Sister chromosomes move towards opposite poles.

➢ At end of Anaphase II, four groups of chromosomes are formed each having

haploid number of chromosomes.

IV) TELOPHASE II:

➢ Four groups of chromosomes arranges into four haploid nuclei.

➢ Chromosme elongates into Chromatin.

➢ Spindle fibre disappears.

➢ Nuclear membrane and nucleolus reappears.

3. Cytokinesis:

Cytokinesis occurs either by Successive method or Simultaneous method. In successive method,

each karyokinesis is followed by cytokinesis s oafter Meiosis I two haploid cells are formed whilein Simultaneous method, cytokinesis takes place only after meiosis II and four haploid daughter

cells are formed.

SIGNIFICANCES OF MEIOSIS:

➢ It is responsible for formation of gametes.

➢ Meiosis maintains fix number of chromosome in sexually reproducing organisms.

➢ Crossing over produces new combination of genes.

➢ Mutation may occur due to irregularities in Meiosis.

➢ It is necessary for production of spores.

➢ It brings variation in organisms.

Argumentative Essay on Does Religion cause war?

 Does Religion Cause War?

The belief and faith of people differ from each other. Different ways of having faith in God differentiate into various religions. Every religion teaches us to adopt truth and serve humanity but the way they impart is different. In religious disputes, a minute conflict can take the form of war. People can compromise with small disputes over their territory, but people cannot compromise if their religion is being questioned. Hence, from prehistoric to present time we can see how the massive destruction is done in the name of religion.

Religion can cause violence by misinterpretation of the messages that the sacred texts are supposed to transmit. Undoubtedly, none of the religions in the world states violence as a solution to any problem. Religion is not the cause of war; people fight when their religious sentiment is hurt. In addition, the politicians who have taken God as business manipulate people using their sentiment as Great Britain did to India and Pakistan. They simply use it as a tool to bring and unite people of their religion so they can achieve their egoistic goals. The actual reasons violence ever happens are economic, political, and social disputes.

In 10,000 years of human civilization 1,763 wars have been fought among which 6.68% were caused by religion. For example, The Crusade wars resulted in bloodshed on both Christian and Muslim sides of the conflict fought for Palestine and save their territory. Furthermore, violence in religion even exceeds conflicts between different ethnic groups; it also happens within the same ethnic groups. Not only Hitler killed 6 million Jews but also in Burma, thousands of monks are being tortured and executed. All of the followers of these religions believed that they were doing the right thing by going to war to protect their religion. These wars are the result of the hatred that occurred between the people of various religions. Observing all this, it is easy to conclude that religion often causes wars.

Most of the religious wars are the results of misconceptions or any other factor like social, political, or economic factors in the face of religion. Likewise, the war is often termed as religious war if religion justifies that. If we observe the terrorist activities, it is also concerned with a particular religion but we cannot blame the whole religion because of the wrong deeds of few people belonging to that religion. Similarly, in secularism, where people are given the freedom to choose their religion there occurs an unhealthy competition where religious groups start attracting people to their religion for increasing followers.

Thus, it will be more appropriate to state that ideologies of people and selfish motives are responsible for the conflicts, not religion. Religion is often used as a tool for arising conflicts among the people of different religions. On the other hand, there are people of the same religion who want to live peacefully by choosing to act differently than what wrong is being done in the name of religion.

Science And Technology quiz questions

 Science and Technology

1. Who is the inventor of Barometer?

- Evangelista Torricelli

2. Who invented water thermometer and from where was he/she?

-Galileo from Italy

3. Who is the profounder of Law of conservation of energy?

-James Prescott Joule

4.. What is the fear of fire called?

-pyro phobia

5. What is the study of God called?

- Theology

6. What is the study of Drugs called?

- Pharmacology

7. What is the instrument for measuring viscocity?

- Viscometer

8. What is the instrument used for measuring absorbed and evolved heat?

- Calorimeter

9. Instrument for taking pictures of sun?

- Spectroheliograph

10. Which was the world’s first anti-biotic?

- Penicillin

11. By what other name solidified carbon is better known?

- Dry ice

12. Which animal cannot jump, leap or run in any condition?

- Elephant

Quiz MCQ’s

1. Which of the following uses non-conventional source of energy?

A) Kerosene Lamp

B) Wax Candle

C) Solar Lantern

D) Torch

2.What was the nationality of Charlie Chaplin?

a) Irish

b) Welsh

c) British

d) Scottish

3.The injection of anti-toxin is given to prevent

a) Tetanus

b) Tuberculosis

c) Typhoid

d) Filarasis

4.Find the root value of 36.1/102.4

a) 61/34

b) 19/32

c) 19/31

d) 19/33

5.Which color is in the center of Rainbow?

a) red

b) yellow

c) violet

d) green

6.According to Mahabharata, who was the last Commander-in-chief of Kaurava army?

a) Ashwathama

b) Dronacharyac) Karna

d) Shalya

7.Which is the principle ore of mercury?

a) Galena

b) Bauxite

c) Cinnabar

d) Hematite

8.By how many hours, Nepalese Standard Time is a head of Greenwich Mean Time?

a) 4:00 hours

b) 4:30 hours

c) 5:00 hours

d) 5:45 hours

9.Who coined the name “Pakistan”?

a) Muhammad Ali Jinnah

b) Allama Iqbal

c) Liaquat Ali Khan

d) Chaudary Rahmat Ali

10.“Liberty, Equality and Fraternity” was the motto of which revolution?

a) Serbian Revolution

b) German Revolution

c) French Revolution

d) Chineese Revolution

Facts About Laxmi Puja and Myths

 Facts about Laxmi Puja

The festival of light, Tihar is celebrated every year on the month of Kartik. This festival is celebrated in Nepal and India with lots of energy and fun. People clean their house, decorate with lights, prepare Rangolis and sweets for this occasion.

Among the five days of Tihar, the night of Diwali is special where we worship Goddess Lakshmi Mata and Lord Ganesh.

It is believed that Mata Lakshmi will always maintain happiness and prosperity in our home. We worship her to bless us with her favors and benedictions. Not only money but she also blesses us with beauty, fame, strength, knowledge, and renunciation.

The background behind Lakshmi Puja

When Lakshmi appeared during the Samudra Manthan, Kauri also came with her. Like the lotus flower, Kauri is also very fond of Lakshmi. On the day of Dhanteras, you should buy Kauries and worship them on day of Diwali and keep them in your vault. It is believed that keeping money near the chest keeps it safe.

Batashe is found in the markets during Diwali because Batashe signifies the Moon. Therefore, devotees offer Batashe to please Goddess Lakshmi. Mata Lakshmi loves lotus, so on this day, devotees must offer her lotus.

Interesting facts about Laxmi puja

The bright lights are supposed to banish away all sadness and evil in a person’s life. This is a festival that is mostly celebrated by women. So, they stay awake the whole night as mythology states that Goddess Lakshmi will visit the homes of her worshippers at night. It is believed that people should decorate their homes with lighting diyas all over their homes so that Goddess Lakshmi enters a fully lit house.

It is believed that she will come in her ‘Vahana’ which is an owl. The most loved offering of Goddess Laxmi is flattened rice with cold milk. To symbolically signify that Goddess Laxmi will enter the house, women draw rangoli of her beautiful feet at the entrance of the house.

Myths about Laxmi Puja

We are strictly restricted to keeping footwear at the entrance of the house. Don’t use iron utensils for puja. Don’t offer basil leaves ( Tulsi leaves). It is said that if a lizard is seen on the night of Diwali, it is considered an auspicious omen, and its appearance is considered a sign of luck. It is said the religious belief that the owl is the vehicle of Goddess Lakshmi and if the owl is seen on the night of Diwali then it is also considered very auspicious.

It is a festival of happiness so don’t argue or create a negative atmosphere. May every lamp that will be lit on the evening of Diwali bring joy and prosperity for everyone.

Shubham Upreti

Grade 11 Electrostatics Chapter Electric Charge Practice Questions

                                              Electric Charge

Multiple Choice Questions:

1. In order to remove static electricity from machinery

(a) construct insulated cabins

(b) insulate the machinery

(c) ground the framework

(d) humidify the surroundings

Ans: c

2. If a third equal and similar charge is placed between two equal and similar charges, then this third charge will

(a) move out of the field of influence of the two charges

(b) remain in stable equilibrium

(c) not be in equilibrium

(d) be in unstable equilibrium

Ans: b

3. A region around a stationary electric charge has

(a) an electric field

(b) a magnetic field

(c) both (a) and (b)

(d) none of the above

Ans: a

4. The minimum value of potential gradient in a cable occurs in

(a) insulation

(b) conductor

(c) outer sheath

(d) uniformly all over

Ans: a

5. Dielectric strength of medium

(a) increases with rise in temperature

(b) increases with moisture content

(c) is same for all insulating materials

(d) none of the above

Ans: d

6. A charge which when placed in vacuum from an equal and similar charge repels with a force of 9 x 10 N, is known as

(a) milli-coulomb

(b) micro-coulomb

(c) pico-coulomb

(d) coulomb

Ans: b

8. Dielectric strength of a medium is usually expressed in

(a) J/mm

(b) C/m2

(c) kV/mm

(d) N/mm

Ans: c

9 . A positive and a negative charge are initially 50 mm apart. When they are moved close together so that they are now only 10 mm apart, the force between them will be

(a) 5 times smaller than before

(b) 5 times greater than before

(c) 10 times greater than before

(d) 25 times larger than before

Ans: d

10. Which is the most superior dielectric out of the following ?

(a) Air

(b) Glass

(c) Bakelite

(d) Paper

Ans: c

11. When a dielectric is placed in an electric field the field strength

(a) decreases

(b) increases

(c) reduces to zero

(d) remain unchanged

Ans: a

136. To prevent the generation of static charges on rubber or flatleather

(a) surface is moistened

(b) conductive dressing is done

(c) oil compound dressing is done

(d) talcum powder is sprayed on the surface

Ans: b

  Short Questions:

1. Can a charged body attract an uncharged body ? Explain.

2. What do you mean by quantization of charge?

3. Why are sharp edges or points avoided in electrical machines?

4. What is electrostatic shielding?

  5. A man inside the insulated metallic case does not receive shock when the case is highly charged. Why?

6. The vehicle carrying inflammable fluid drag a chain along the ground. Why?

Numericals:

1. Determine the electrostatic force of interaction between the electron and nucleus in a hydrogen atom. The mean distance of electron from the nucleus of the atom is 1 x 10^-10 m .

2. A polythene piece rubbed with wool is found negatively charge of 3 x 10^-7 C. Estimate the number of  electrons transferred from wool to polythene.

3. Two equal and similar charges are 3 cm apart in air repel each other a force of  4.5 Kg wt. Find the charge in Coulomb.

4. An alpha particle is the nucleus of helium atom. It has mass 6.64 x 10^-27 kg and charge q = 2e = 2 x 1.6 x 10^-19 C. Compare the electrostatic force and gravitational force between the two alpha particles.

5.Three charges of10 esu, -10 esu, and 5 esu are placed in air, At the corner A, B and C of an equilateral triangle ABC having each side 5 cm. Find the force acting on the smallest charge.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Gymnosperm Grade 11 Botany and It's importance (Roxburghi and Wallichiana)

GYMNOSPERMS

General Characters:

Ø They are naked seeded plants i.e. they do not have fruits and seeds are open.

Ø They are found in tropical to temperate regions.

Ø The plant body is sporophyte.

Ø The sporophyte plant body is differentiated into roots, stems, and leaves.

Ø Roots are taproots.

Ø The stem is branched and usually, two types of branches are present i.e. branch of unlimited growth called long

shoots and a branch of limited growth called the dwarf shoot.

Ø Leaves may be of one kind i.e. monomorphic or two kinds i.e. dimorphic (one is green leaf and another is

minute scale leaf).

Ø Plants have vascular tissues i.e. xylem and phloem

Ø Xylem lacks vessels and phloem lacks companion cells (except Ephedra and Gnetum).

Ø Pollination is anemophily and direct.

Ø The endosperm is haploid.

Ø Double fertilization and triple fusion are absent.

Ø Polyembryony is common.

Habit: Pinus is a xerophytic monoecious plant.

Morphology: The plant body is a sporophyte differentiated into roots, stem, and leaves.

Root: Root is a taproot. Root has a symbiotic relationship with fungi called mycorrhiza.

Stem: Stem is erect, branched, and woody. The stem bears two types of branches i.e. long shoot (which arises from the main

stem and grows indefinitely) and dwarf shoot (which arises from the long shoot and grows for a short time). Long shoot

bears only scale leaves while dwarf shoot bears scale as well as foliage leaf.

Leaves: Pinus is dimorphic i.e. possess two types of leaves: scale leaves and foliage leaves. Scale leaves are thin,

brown, flattened, and minute structures which fall off with the maturity of branches while foliage leaves are long, needle-like, and green. The dwarf shoot-bearing foliage leaves are called spurs.

Reproduction: Pinus is monoecious and bears male and female cones on different branches of the same plant. Male cone develops in

the cluster (15-140) on the base of a long shot. They arise from axils of scale leaf and develop later than a male cone. Female

cones grow very slowly thus female cones of different ages may be seen in acropetal succession in the long shoot.

Male cone:

Each male cone is small and oval-shaped. It arises in clusters from the axils of scale leaves on the dwarf shoot. The male

cone has a central axis on which 60-150 microsporophyll’s are spirally arranged around the axis. A single

microsporophyll is a membranous stalked structure with a distal expanded roughly triangular sterile part called

the apophysis. Each microsporophyll bears two sac-like microsporangia on the abaxial surface. A mature

microsporangium consists of a multilayered wall, tapetum, and microspore mother cells. Each microspore mother cell

— by meiotic division — produces four microspores or pollen grains.

The pollen grains are boat-shaped with monosulcate apertures and are bounded by two concentric wall layers: the

outer thick exine and the inner thin intine. The exine on the lateral sides of the pollen is expanded to form two wings

(sauce). Pinus is wind-pollinated (anemophilous).

Female cones

They are produced in pairs or in clusters in the axil of the scale leaves. The female cones mature very slowly.

The fully matured third-year cone is much larger (15-60 cm in length), woody, loose, and brown in color. Here

megasporophylls are separated from each other due to the elongation of the cone axis. The female cone is

composed of a central axis on which 80-90 megasporophylls, axillary to bract scale/scale leaves, are arranged spirally

The bract scale and ovuliferous scale thus form a seed-scale complex. A single megasporophyll consists of two types

of scales:

(a) a large woody ovuliferous scale or seminiferous scale bearing two ovules on the adaxial surface, and

(b) a bract scale or cone scale on the abaxial surface.

Initially, the ovuliferous scale is much smaller than that of the bract scale, but after pollination, it becomes larger than

the bract scale. The ovuliferous scale is a thick, large, woody, roughly triangular, and brownish structure. Its upper

thick exposed part is known as apophysis.

The ovules of Pinus are anatropous, unitegmic and crassinucellate. The single integument is free from the nucellus

except at the chalazal end. There is a fairly broad micropylar tube that becomes inwardly curved during prepollination

stages and becomes outwardly curved at the time of pollination fertilization

The fertilization takes place after one year of pollination. One of the male nuclei fuses with the egg cell and thus a

zygote is formed.

Pinus found in Nepal: Two species of Pinus i.e. Pinus Roxburgh and Pinus wallichiana are found in Nepal. Pinus Roxburgh is found between an altitudinal range of 1200-2100m while Pinus wallichiana is found between 1800-3300m.

P. roxburghi can be distinguished from P. wallichiana by number of needles in a spur (roxburghi-3 needles;

wallichiana-5 needles) and shape of female cone (Roxburgh-oval cone; wallichiana- cylindrical).

ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF GYMNOSPERMS

Gymnosperms are the small group of plants, which constitute a sub-division of Spermatophyta or

phanerogams. There are about 73 genera and 7000 species in subdivision Gymnospermae.

1. As food

· Seeds of some species are edible: Cycas, Ginko, Pinus, Gnetum

· The stem of Cycas revoluta is a good source of Sago starch

· Zamia is a rich source of starch.

· Seeds and stem of Cycas revoluta used for making wine.

2. As medicine

Leaves of Cycas circinalis, Taxus are used as medicines.

· Pollen grains of some Cycas have a narcotic effect

· Oil of Juniperus is important.

· Ephedrine is derived from Ephedra used in the treatment of cold, cough.

· An anti-cancerous drug called taxol is obtained from the bark of Taxus

3. As ornaments

· Species of Cycas are used for decoration purposes

· Ginkgo Biloba, possess beautiful ornamental leaves

· Thuja, Pinus, Taxus, etc are grown in parks.

4. In an industry

· Spruce or Picea is an important source of pulpwood.

· The wood of Juniperus is used in making pencils, scales, and holders

· The bark of Larix yields a tannin

· Turpentine is obtained from Abies balsamic.

· The wood of red spruce is especially important for the music industry.

 

 

PROJECT WORK OF GRADE 11

 ““STUDY OF ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN NEIGHBOURHOOD”

    a project work submitted for the partial fulfilment of the requirement for the grade 11 science in PHYSICS.

 

              

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                                                                                            

                                                            

        Trinity International Secondary School

Department of Physics

 

Presented by

Name of the student: SHUBHAM UPRETI

Grade: 11

Section: MK1

ID card number: 25329

 

 

       Declaration

 

 

I hereby declare that the work presented in this project report has been done by myself under the supervision of Mr. DAYA RAM SHARMA and Mr. AMIT KUMAR YADAV and has not been submitted elsewhere for any kind of certification.

 

All sources of information have been specifically acknowledged by references to authors or institutions.

 

 

 

 

                                                  

 

   Shubham Upreti

Signature: Shubham

Grade: 11

Section: MK1

Email address: shubham.upreti@trinity.edu.np

Date: 2022/03/21

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

                                                      Letter of Approval

 

 

the project work submitted to trinity international ss, BY SHUBHAM UPRETI , entitled “ALTERNATIVE SOURCE OF ENERGY” . has been approved as the partial fulfillment of the requirements of the internal evaluation.  

 

 

 

 

 

      ………………………….                                                                                ………………………..

      Mr. AMIT KUMAR YADAV                                                 Mr. DAYA RAM SHARMA

                                                                                                                        

 

 

 

 

 

Date: 2022/03/21

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Acknowledgement

 

 

 

 

I am indebted to all the past physicists and researchers of Nepal; without whose extensive work and literature this study would have never been possible.

 

I wish to express my deepest sense of gratitude and profundal regards to my supervisor, Mr. DAYA RAM SHARMA and Mr. AMIT KUMAR YADAV sir for learned guidance, abiding interest and all the pain they took to get my study work completed and documents prepared in time.

 

I would like to remember all my friends and family members who have supported, helped and encouraged me thus far.

 

 

 

 

 

                                                        TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

   Objective

 

   Introduction and Background

                                                 Primary energy consumption

                                               

Types                                        Final energy consumption

 

                                                          Gross energy consumption

 

 

 

 

 

                                         

                                               Objective

To have the knowledge regarding to the present condition of energy consumption pattern in my neighborhood.

To find the necessary solutions, new techniques about proper use of energy and decrease unnecessary energy consumption.

 

Introduction

INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND

The energy sector plays an important role in the overall economic growth of a country. This year Nepal Government has allocated approximately $778 million for energy sector. The purpose of this study is to explore the energy consumption pattern in my neighborhood. This project can be considered as a sample survey. In the present context patterns of energy consumption has a direct impact on economy of a country.

The types of energy consumption around us are classified as:

Primary Energy Consumption

Final Energy Consumption

Gross inland Energy Consumption

 

PRIMARY ENERGY CONSUMTION

 

It measures the total energy demand of a country covering the energy sector itself, distribution of energy and the final consumption by end users.

 

FINAL ENERGY CONSUMPTION

 

It is the total energy consumed by end consumers such as households, industry and agriculture. It is the energy which reaches the final consumer's door and excludes that which is used by the energy sector itself.

Final energy consumption excludes energy used by the energy sector, including for deliveries, and transformation. It also excludes fuel transformed in the electrical power stations of industrial auto-producers and coke transformed into blast-furnace gas where this is not part of overall industrial consumption but of the transformation sector.

Final energy consumption in "households, services, etc." covers quantities consumed by private households, commerce, public administration, services, agriculture and fisheries. Gross inland energy consumption

GROSS ENERGY CONSUMPTION

Gross inland energy consumption, sometimes abbreviated as gross inland consumption, is the total energy demand of a country or region. It represents the quantity of energy necessary to satisfy inland consumption of the geographical entity under consideration.

Gross inland energy consumption covers:

·       Consumption by the energy sector itself;

·       Distribution and transformation losses;

·      Final energy consumption by end users;

·       'statistical differences' (not already captured in the figures on primary energy consumption and final energy consumption).

 

GROSS INLAND ENERGY CONSUMPTION IS MEASURED AS:

Primary production + recovered products + net imports + variations of stocks – bunkers.

 

Background

 

Nepal has the potential to produce a large amount of energy. Although Nepalese population has access to electricity, they depend upon traditional fuels (partially or wholly). 82% of the people residing in my neighborhood uses solid fuels (coal, crop waste, dung and wood) whereas remaining 18% of people uses other energy or fuel. Due to country’s poor and undeveloped nature, the lack of infrastructures and skilled manpower in proper management and proper energy production has led to reliability on traditional energy sources like firewood and fossil fuels for powering.

Descriptive statistics comprises of frequency, distribution, measures of central tendency and dispersion e. g., percentage, maximum, minimum, mean and standard deviation used to summarize and describe data. Firstly, characteristics of household and its features has been analyzed. Secondly, household end-use energy source of lighting, cooking, water heating, space heating and water pumping has been summarized. In this section author intend is to and out dependency on fossil fuel (LPG) and solar energy (electrical and thermal). Furthermore, survey results will illustrate the householder's awareness on use of energy efficient home appliances and relationship between monthly fuel cost to number of occupants, occupied floor area and monthly income. The endings of these analyses are described below.

 Basic Information of Respondent

The study reveals that, 80 percent respondents are economically active middle aged between 26 to 59 years; 55 percent of them earned master or higher degree education; and 80 percent were service holders.

Characteristics of Household

Here, the characteristics of household have been shown.

The percentage of head of household was 70 percent male and 30 percent female; the proportion the owned to rented ratio was 3:1. Only 10 percent respondent has occupied more than 3001 square feet floor area, others 30 percent of each used less than 1000, between 1001 and 2000, and between 2001 and 3000 square feet. 70 percent household size was found to compose of up to 5 members.

According to monthly household income, 40 percent earned more than NRs 100,000 per month, other 40 percent earned between NRs 50,000 and NRs 100,000 per month, remaining earned less than NRs 50,000 per month.

 

 

 

 

 

Household End Use Energy Sources

Fig. 1 shows that major portion of electricity and LPG used for lighting and cooking respectively. Whereas solar photovoltaic (PV) cell and solar collectors used for lighting and water heating purpose.

 

 

 

 

                                           

 

 

Fig. 1:  Household energy sources by end use

 

 Monthly Energy Cost

             

 

 

 

 

 

Fig

     

2: Monthly average energy cost in NRs by fuel type

 

 

Fig. 2 shows that monthly average energy cost for electricity is NRs 2081.1(62 percent) and LPG is NRs 1288.55(38 percent). It shows that the dependency upon fossil fuel (LPG) is reduced

 

Relationship between Monthly Energy Cost and Number of People

                          

 

 

 

 

 

 

Fig. 3: Monthly average energy cost to household occupants

 

Household size simply refers to the number of people per household. Many researchers argue that occupancy has the strongest influence on variation in energy consumption [2]. Fig. 3 shows that household having occupant 10 to 15 expends NRs 4450 per month. This shows that energy cost varies according to family size.

 

 

 

 

Conclusion

As a conclusion this project reveals that most of the families use energy for lightning and cooking. Few people are only aware of photovoltaic cells it may be due to lack of awareness and also due to the economic condition of the family. It is good to know that most of the family members use non-emission source of energy i.e. electricity. Using LPG will increase air pollution and minimize fossil fuel. It can be also concluding that the number of family members is directly proportional to the expenses.

Finally, eco-friendly and renewable of source of energy should be promoted. We should have habit of using minimum energy and preserve energy source. The electric, heat energy must be used wisely. Solar cells, batteries, wind energy, geothermal energy must be promoted by government so that economic condition of country can get boost.

 

Reference

For the project work I have taken help from the following sources:

i) https://www.wikipedia.org/

ii) https://www.britannica.com/

iii) https://www.merriam-webster.com/

iv) Physics Practical Book Garuda Publication

v) https://energypedia.info/wiki/Nepal_Energy_Situation

 

vi)Pioneer Physics (Book by Kamal Bahadur Rayamajhi, DibyaBajracharya, Khem Raj    Deuja, Hiranya Lekhak, Dev Bahadur Khadka published of 2077 BS)

 

vii) learn-infinite108.blogspot.com