Parts of Speech ( English Grammar)

1. Parts of speech

   Types of Parts of Speech:

   In short, there are eight different types of parts of speech is there, and those are:

   • Noun
   • Pronoun
   • Verb
   • Adverb
   • Adjective
   • Preposition
   • Conjunction
   • Interjection
   • Determiner

   Noun

   A noun is specified as the name of a person, place or thing. There are five kinds of nouns:

   1.    Proper Noun

   2.    Common Noun 

   3.    Material Noun

   4.    Abstract Noun

   5.    Collective Noun 

   Proper Noun:

   A proper noun is the name of a particular place or person. For example, Dubai is the richest city, here Dubai refers to the name of a place so it is a proper noun.

   Common Noun:

   A common noun is specified as the name given in common to every person or thing. For example, The girl in my class.

   Material Noun:

   A material noun denotes the matter of the substance of the thing. For example, the house is built of wood.

   Abstract Noun:

   It is the name of a quality, action or state belonging to an object. For example, Darkness, movement, music, philosophy.

   Collective Noun:

   A collective noun is the name of a group of the collection of persons or things are taken together. For example, army, group, team, class, crowd.

   Pronoun

   Pronouns are classified into ten types:

   1.    Personal pronoun

   2.    Impersonal pronoun

   3.    Demonstrative pronoun

   4.    Distributive Pronoun

   5.    Indefinite pronoun

   6.    Reciprocal pronoun

   7.    Reflexive and Emphatic pronoun

   8.    Relative pronoun

   9.    Interrogative pronoun

   10. Possessive pronoun

   Personal Pronoun:

   It indicates any person while acting as a subject or an object. For example, I, we, they, you, he, she, him, her, our.

   Impersonal Pronoun:

   It indicates mainly non-living things. For example, it.

   Demonstrative Pronoun:

   It demonstrates any particular sense. For example, this, that, these, those, it, so, such.

   Distributive Pronoun:

   It distributes the sense of the subject or object. For example, each, every, either, neither.

   Indefinite Pronoun:

   It signifies the sense of the subject or object. For example, any, all, many, some, few, someone, anyone, none, anybody, nobody, everybody.

   Reciprocal Pronoun:

   It reciprocates between two or among more than two subjects and makes a complementary sense. For example, each other, one another.

   Reflexive and Emphatic Pronoun:

   It makes an extra emphasis on the main subject and is constructed with s ‘self’ word. For example, my self, herself, himself, themselves, yourself.

   Relative Pronoun:

   It relates the subject or object with another clause or part of the sentence. For example, who, which, what, that, whose, whom, anyone, none, anybody.

   Interrogative pronoun:

   It makes the sense of interrogation. For example, who, which, what, whom, whose.

   Possessive pronoun:

   It signifies a possession over any other person. For example, mine, ours, yours, his, its, theirs.

   Verb

   A verb is a word that states action, position or being.

   There are seven types of verb:

   1.    Finite verb

   2.    Principal verb 

   3.    Transitive verb

   4.    Intransitive verb 

   5.    Auxiliary verb

   6.    Non-Finite verb 

   7.    Infinite verb

   Finite Verb

   These types of verb are restricted to the number and also to the persons. For example, I am a good boy.

   Principal Verb

   Principle verbs are the main verb of a sentence, it carries the sense, action, or state of a sentence. For example, I played football yesterday. In this sentence "Play" sate an action that I performed yesterday.

   Transitive Verb

   These types of verb are often used alone, with one or more objects in a sentence. For example, Ram played cricket.

   Intransitive Verb

   These types of verb do not allow with a direct object, that means you can not use this type of verb where an object is clearly mentioned. Example of this type of verb is 'River flows'

   Auxiliary Verb

   These types of verbs are used to form tense, mood, aspect, modality, voice, etc. For example, Ram taking a shower.

   Non-Finite Verb

   By its name we can say these type of verb is not finite, that means these types of verb is not show their tense.

   Adverb

   An adverb is a word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or another adverb in a sentence. These are 9 kinds of an adverb.

   1.    Adverb of time (Before, ago, lately, yet, soon, yesterday)

   2.    Adverb of Manner (Slowly, so, soundly)

   3.    Adverb of Place (Everywhere, down, near, away, etc.)

   4.    Adverb of frequency (Once, seldom, rarely, usually)

   5.    Adverb of affirmation and negation (Certainly, apparently, undoubtedly)

   6.    Interrogative Adverb (Where, when, how, why, how often, how long)

   7.    Relative Adverb (When, why, how)

   8.    Adverb of degree (Almost, fully, very, enough, rather, really)

   9.    Adverb of sentence (Surely, luckily)

    

    

   Adjective

   An adjective is a word which qualifies a pronoun or a noun. There are eight kinds of adjectives.

   1.    Proper adjective (Asian, Chinese, American, Japanese, African)

   2.    Adjective of quality (Good, bad, rich, poor, wise, great, hot, cold, warm)

   3.    Numerical adjective (One, two, five, several, each, every, few, a few, fourth, very few, many)

   4.    Adjective of quantity (All, any, much, some, half, full, whole, enough)

   5.    Demonstrative adjective (This, that, these, those, such)

   6.    Distributive adjective (Each, every, either, neither)

   7.    Interrogative adjective (Which, what, whose)

   8.    Possessive adjective (my, our, his, her)

   Prepositions

   Prepositions are six types, those are:

   1.    Preposition of Time (At, in, on, by, off, from, away, since, for, towards)

   2.    Preposition of Place (At, from, within, without, inside, outside, in front of, on top of, beyond, between)

   3.    Preposition of Possession (By, of, with)

   4.    Prepositions of direction motion (To, at, from, round, across, against)

   5.    Prepositions of cause, reason, and purpose (Of, for, with)

   6.    Preposition of Agent, Manner or Method (In, on, for, by with, though)

   Conjunction

   There are three types of conjunction,

   1.    Coordinating conjunction

   2.    Subordinating Conjunction

   3.    Correlative conjunction

   Coordinating Conjunction

   These types of conjunction join two sentences or clauses of the same kinds, i.e. but, like, although, even though, despite, in spite of   etc.

   Subordinating Conjunction

   These types of conjunction used with subordinate clauses, i.e. because, lest, if, etc.

   Correlative Conjunction

   These types of conjunctions used in pairs, i.e. neither-nor, either-or, so-as, etc.

   Interjection

   An interjection expresses some sudden feeling of one’s mind. For example, Alas! We have lost the match. Hurrah! We won the match.

   Some common interjections are Bravo, Hurrah, Alas, Oh,

   Determiner

   Word which is used at the beginning of a noun group to indicate

    'a', 'the', 'some', 'this', and 'each'

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

    

Grade-10 (SEE) Chapter=Chromosome and Sex Determination

Chromosome and Sex Determination

 Here are the notes of the chapter Chromosome and Sex Determination:

1. The thread-like structures found in the nucleus of all cells which carry hereditary information are called chromosomes.

2. A particular segment of DNA molecule which determines the heredity of a particular trait is called a gene.

3. During interphase the genetic material is in the form of a network of very long, extremely thin, dark, staining fibers called chromatin fiber or thread.

4. The two chromatids of chromosomes are joined to each other by a beaded-like structure which is called the centromere.

5. The identical male and female parent chromosomes occur in pairs is known as the homologous chromosome.

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Test yourself

1. What is a chromosome?

2. What is a gene?

3. What is the composition of gen?

4. What determines the characteristics of a living organism?

5. What are sex-linked diseases?

6. What is a sex chromosome?

7. Some people have only four daughters in a row and no son. Does it mean that the husband does not produce y-bearing sperms?

8. Which chromosomes are responsible for sex determination?

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4. Notes of Heredity: Click here to go

Grade 11 Biology Table ( Course and Quizzes )

  Geological History

Era	Period	Epoch	Events
Cenozoic	Quaternary	Holocene	Psychological Development of man
		Pleistocene	Dominance of man
	Tertiary	Pliocene	Emergence of man
		Miocene	Anthropoids apes
		Oligocene	Monkeys and apes
		Eocene	Extinction of archaic mammals
		Paleocene	The dominance of archaic mammals
Mesozoic	Cretaceous		Dinosaur extinct and mammals appear
	Jurassic		1st bird and mammal
	Triassic		Dinosaur emerged
Paleozoic	Permian		Expansion of reptiles
	Carboniferous		1st reptile, age of amphibian
	Devonian		1st amphibian, age of fish
	Silurian		Origin of lungfish
	Ordovician		1st vertebrate
	Cambrian		Trilobites dominant
Proterozoic			Soft marine animals
Archeozoic			Age of unicellular animals
Azoic			No life

Fathers of Various Branches of Biology

Name	Field
Aristotle	Zoology, Biology
Mendel	Genetics
Hugo de Vries	Mutation
Von Baer	Modern Embryology
Carolus Linnaeus	Taxonomy
K. Landsteiner	Blood Groups
Vinci	Paleontology
Harvey	Blood Circulation
Hippocrates	Medicine
Louis Pasteur	Microbiology
Robert Koch	Bacteriology
AV Leeuwenhoek	Microscopy
Theophrastus	Botany
Robert Hooke	Cytology

Biology is derived from the greek word where bios mean life and logos means knowledge.

Zoology is the study of animal science, botany plant science, and microbiology is the study of microorganisms.

Aristotle is the father of Biology and Zoology.

Theophrastus is the father of botany.

Branches of Zoology

Name of branches	Study of
Ichthyology	Fishes
Herpetology	Amphibians and reptile
Ornithology	Birds
Exobiology	Life on other planets
Anatomy	Internal Structure
Histology	Tissue
Cytology	Cells
Morphology	Form and structure
Paleobotany	Ancient plants
Paleontology	Fossils
Paleozoology	Identification of animal fossils
Palynology	Plant pollen and spores
Sociology	Human social relation
Ethology	Animal Behavior
Ecology	Interaction of organisms with their environment
Parasitology	Parasites
Apiculture	Honey bee
Sericulture	Silkworm
Pisciculture	Breeding, rearing, and transplantation of fish through artificial means
Phenology	The timing life cycles at the population level
Pathology	Plant and animal disease
Etiology	Causes of disease
Phrenology	Skull
Pterology	Rocks and their process of formation
Cetology	Marine mammals
Conchology	Molluscan Shell
Cnidology	Coelenterates
Malacology	Mollusca
Protozoology	Protozoa
Taxonomy	Identification, nomenclature of organisms